{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T04:02:15Z","timestamp":1792036935534,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"203","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]],"date-time":"2025-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755129600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":805,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]],"date-time":"2025-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755129600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":805,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]],"date-time":"2025-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755129600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":805,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/journals\/ethics-policies\/data-sharing-mining\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["EP\/T517835\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/T517835\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Medical Research Council","award":["MR\/N013840\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/N013840\/1"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["EP\/T517835\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/T517835\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Medical Research Council","award":["MR\/N013840\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/N013840\/1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["royalsocietypublishing.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The human foot sole is the primary interface with the external world during balance and walking, and also provides important tactile information on the state of contact. However, prior studies on plantar pressure have focused mostly on summary metrics such as overall force or centre of pressure under limited conditions. Here, we recorded spatio-temporal plantar pressure patterns with high spatial resolution while participants completed a wide range of daily activities, including balancing, locomotion and jumping tasks. Contact area differed across task categories, but was only moderately correlated with the overall force experienced by the foot sole. The centre of pressure was often located outside the contact area or in locations experiencing relatively low pressure, and therefore a result of disparate contact regions spread widely across the foot. Non-negative matrix factorization revealed low-dimensional spatial complexity that increased during interaction with unstable surfaces. Additionally, pressure patterns at the heel and metatarsals decomposed into separately located and robustly identifiable components, jointly capturing most variance in the signal. These results suggest optimal sensor placements to capture task-relevant spatial information and provide insight into how pressure varies spatially on the foot sole during a wide variety of natural behaviours.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2023.0052","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,28]],"date-time":"2023-06-28T03:11:09Z","timestamp":1687921869000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Complexity of spatio-temporal plantar pressure patterns during everyday behaviours"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8486-2780","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Luke D.","family":"Cleland","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sheffield, UK 1","department":["Active Touch Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield"]},{"name":"Sheffield, UK 2","department":["Insigneo Institute for in silico Medicine, University of Sheffield"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4751-1110","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Holly M.","family":"Rowland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sheffield, UK 1","department":["Active Touch Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield"]},{"name":"Sheffield, UK 2","department":["Insigneo Institute for in silico Medicine, University of Sheffield"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5215-1746","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"Mazz\u00e0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sheffield, UK 2","department":["Insigneo Institute for in silico Medicine, University of Sheffield"]},{"name":"Sheffield, UK 3","department":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Sheffield"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7544-0196","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hannes P.","family":"Saal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sheffield, UK 1","department":["Active Touch Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield"]},{"name":"Sheffield, UK 2","department":["Insigneo Institute for in silico Medicine, University of Sheffield"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026010520271784700_RSIF20230052C1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00848.2017","article-title":"Cutaneous afferent innervation of the human foot sole: what can we learn from single-unit recordings?","volume":"120","author":"Strzalkowski","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 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Geriatr."},{"key":"2026010520271784700_RSIF20230052C32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2021.12.003","article-title":"Longitudinal study of foot pressures during real-world walking as infants develop from new to confident walkers","volume":"92","author":"Price","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"2026010520271784700_RSIF20230052C33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.5334\/paah.57","article-title":"A current review of foot disorder and plantar pressure alternation in the elderly","volume":"4","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys. Act. 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Phys. Therapy Sci."},{"key":"2026010520271784700_RSIF20230052C38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20080011","article-title":"Plantar stresses on the neuropathic foot during barefoot walking","volume":"88","author":"Mueller","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"2026010520271784700_RSIF20230052C39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1590\/S1807-59322009000200008","article-title":"Plantar pressure distribution patterns during gait in diabetic neuropathy patients with a history of foot ulcers","volume":"64","author":"Bacarin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clinics"},{"key":"2026010520271784700_RSIF20230052C40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2003.06.015","article-title":"Walking stability and sensorimotor function in older people with diabetic peripheral neuropathy","volume":"85","author":"Menz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. 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Comparison of the dynamic plantar pressure distribution and static medial foot geometry between Malawian and Dutch adults","volume":"8","author":"Stolwijk","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2026010520271784700_RSIF20230052C45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2010.12.011","article-title":"The effect of shoe lacing on plantar pressure distribution and in-shoe displacement of the foot in healthy participants","volume":"33","author":"Fiedler","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"2026010520271784700_RSIF20230052C46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1243\/0954411042632117","article-title":"Effect of foot sole hardness, thickness and footwear on foot pressure distribution parameters in diabetic neuropathy","volume":"218","author":"Charanya","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. H"},{"key":"2026010520271784700_RSIF20230052C47","unstructured":"Pezeshk\n              AF\n            , ZadehMS, GholamianS, YousefiM, FathiM. 2020Comparison of plantar pressure distribution and selected muscles activity of the lower limb between viscous and common foam shoes. J. Rehabil. Med. (doi:10.22037\/JRM.2020.111512.2049)"},{"key":"2026010520271784700_RSIF20230052C48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-009-1024-7","article-title":"Effects of footwear on plantar foot sensitivity: a study with Formula 1 shoes","volume":"106","author":"Schlee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"2026010520271784700_RSIF20230052C49","first-page":"754","article-title":"A comparison of ground reaction forces determined by portable force-plate and pressure-insole systems in alpine skiing","volume":"10","author":"Nakazato","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci. Med."},{"key":"2026010520271784700_RSIF20230052C50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2016.01.026","article-title":"Validity and repeatability of three in-shoe pressure measurement systems","volume":"46","author":"Price","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"2026010520271784700_RSIF20230052C51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/0141-5425(91)90042-6","article-title":"Study of the relative timing of shear forces on the sole of the forefoot during walking","volume":"13","author":"Tappin","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"2026010520271784700_RSIF20230052C52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9104","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2022.3162713","article-title":"A portable insole system to simultaneously measure plantar pressure and shear stress","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. 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