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This study evaluated dome biomechanical models used to describe tooth strength. Finite-element analysis (FEA) tested whether the predictions of the dome models applied to the complex geometry of an actual tooth. A finite-element model was built from microCT scans of a human M3. The FEA included three loading regimes simulating contact between (i) a hard object and a single cusp tip, (ii) a hard object and all major cusp tips and (iii) a soft object and the entire occlusal basin. Our results corroborate the dome models with respect to the distribution and orientation of tensile stresses, but document heterogeneity of stress orientation across the lateral enamel. This implies that high stresses might not cause fractures to fully propagate between cusp tip and cervix under certain loading conditions. The crown is most at risk of failing during hard object biting on a single cusp. Geometrically simple biomechanical models are valuable tools for understanding tooth function but do not fully capture aspects of biomechanical performance in actual teeth whose complex geometries may reflect adaptations for strength.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2023.0195","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,28]],"date-time":"2023-06-28T03:11:09Z","timestamp":1687921869000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["The biomechanics of tooth strength: testing the utility of simple models for predicting fracture in geometrically complex teeth"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9869-181X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rachel S.","family":"Sender","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"St Louis, MO 63013, USA 1","department":["Department of Anthropology, Washington University in St Louis"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3572-1663","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"David S.","family":"Strait","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St Louis, MO 63013, USA 1","department":["Department of Anthropology, Washington University in St Louis"]},{"name":"Auckland Park, Gauteng 2092, South Africa 2","department":["Paleo-Research Institute, University of Johannesburg"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026010520273386600_RSIF20230195C1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1353\/book.485","volume-title":"Mammalian teeth: origin, evolution and diversity","author":"Ungar","year":"2010"},{"key":"2026010520273386600_RSIF20230195C2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.20729","article-title":"Dental enamel as a dietary indicator in mammals","volume":"30","author":"Lucas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bioessays"},{"key":"2026010520273386600_RSIF20230195C3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2009.02.001","article-title":"Analysis of fracture and deformation modes in teeth subjected to occlusal loading","volume":"5","author":"Lawn","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"2026010520273386600_RSIF20230195C4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.30373","article-title":"Effect of off-axis concentrated loading on failure of curved brittle layer structures","volume":"76","author":"Qasim","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. 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