{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T08:21:34Z","timestamp":1768551694590,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"206","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]],"date-time":"2023-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693526400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/journals\/ethics-policies\/data-sharing-mining\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NSERC Discovery Grant","award":["RGPIN-2022-04559"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2022-04559"]}]},{"name":"New Frontier in Research Fund- Exploratory","award":["NFRFE-2021-00879"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NFRFE-2021-00879"]}]},{"name":"Canada's International Development Research Centre (IDRC) and The the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency","award":["109559-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["109559-001"]}]},{"name":"Canada's International Development Research Centre","award":["109981"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["109981"]}]},{"name":"NSERC Discovery Launch Supplement","award":["DGECR-2022-00454"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DGECR-2022-00454"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["royalsocietypublishing.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J. R. Soc. Interface."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Although rejected by the World Health Organization, the human and even veterinary formulation of ivermectin has widely been used for prevention and treatment of COVID-19. In this work we leverage Twitter to understand the reasons for the drug use from ivermectin supporters, their source of information, their emotions, their gender demographics, and location information, in Nigeria and South Africa. Topic modelling is performed on a Twitter dataset gathered using keywords \u2018ivermectin\u2019 and \u2018ivm\u2019. A model is fine-tuned on RoBERTa to find the stance of the tweets. Statistical analysis is performed to compare the stance and emotions. Most ivermectin supporters either redistribute conspiracy theories posted by influencers, or refer to flawed studies confirming ivermectin efficacy\n            <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n            . Three emotions have the highest intensity, optimism, joy and disgust. The number of anti-ivermectin tweets has a significant positive correlation with vaccination rate. All the provinces in South Africa and most of the provinces of Nigeria are pro-ivermectin and have higher disgust polarity. This work makes the effort to understand public discussions regarding ivermectin during the COVID-19 pandemic to help policy-makers understand the rationale behind its popularity, and inform more targeted policies to discourage self-administration of ivermectin. Moreover, it is a lesson to future outbreaks.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2023.0200","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,13]],"date-time":"2023-09-13T07:27:16Z","timestamp":1694590036000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Off-label drug use during the COVID-19 pandemic in Africa: topic modelling and sentiment analysis of ivermectin in South Africa and Nigeria as a case study"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5528-638X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Z.","family":"Movahedi Nia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Africa-Canada Artificial Intelligence and Data Innovation Consortium (ACADIC), York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (LIAM), York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"N. L.","family":"Bragazzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Africa-Canada Artificial Intelligence and Data Innovation Consortium (ACADIC), York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (LIAM), York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Ahamadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Disaster, Emergency and Rapid-response Simulation (ADERSIM), York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Faculty of Computer Engineering, K.N. Toosi University, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Asgary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Africa-Canada Artificial Intelligence and Data Innovation Consortium (ACADIC), York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Advanced Disaster, Emergency and Rapid-response Simulation (ADERSIM), York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Mellado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Africa-Canada Artificial Intelligence and Data Innovation Consortium (ACADIC), York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"School of Physics, Institute for Collider Particle Physics, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Orbinski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Africa-Canada Artificial Intelligence and Data Innovation Consortium (ACADIC), York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Dahdaleh Institute for Global Health Research, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Seyyed-Kalantari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Africa-Canada Artificial Intelligence and Data Innovation Consortium (ACADIC), York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"W. A.","family":"Woldegerima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Africa-Canada Artificial Intelligence and Data Innovation Consortium (ACADIC), York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (LIAM), York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0052-5336","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"J.","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Africa-Canada Artificial Intelligence and Data Innovation Consortium (ACADIC), York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (LIAM), York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7557-5672","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"J. D.","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Africa-Canada Artificial Intelligence and Data Innovation Consortium (ACADIC), York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (LIAM), York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_7_2_2","first-page":"61","article-title":"Off-label use of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine for COVID-19 treatment in Africa against WHO recommendation","volume":"11","author":"Belayneh A","year":"2020","unstructured":"Belayneh A. 2020 Off-label use of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine for COVID-19 treatment in Africa against WHO recommendation. Res. Rep. Trop. Med. 11, 61-72. (doi:10.2147\/RRTM.S269936)","journal-title":"Res. Rep. Trop. Med."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMe2209017"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.22813"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-021-03025-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_6_2","first-page":"196","article-title":"Avermectin derivatives, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic and toxic dosages, mechanism of action, and their biological effects","volume":"13","author":"El-Saber Batiha G","year":"2020","unstructured":"El-Saber Batiha G, Alqahtani A, Ilesanmi OB, Saati AA, El-Mleeh A, Hetta HF, Beshbishy AM. 2020 Avermectin derivatives, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic and toxic dosages, mechanism of action, and their biological effects. MDPI 13, 196. (doi:10.3390\/ph13080196)","journal-title":"MDPI"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medidd.2022.100141"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.788972"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_9_2","first-page":"156","article-title":"Misleading clinical evidence and systematic reviews on ivermectin for COVID-19","volume":"27","author":"Garegnani LI","year":"2022","unstructured":"Garegnani LI, Madrid E, Meza N. 2022 Misleading clinical evidence and systematic reviews on ivermectin for COVID-19. BMJ 27, 156-158. (doi:10.1136\/bmjebm-2021-111678)","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_10_2","article-title":"Political prescriptions: three pandemic stories","author":"Bharti N","unstructured":"Bharti N, Sismondo S. In press. Political prescriptions: three pandemic stories. Sci. Technol. Hum. Values. (doi:10.1177\/01622439221123831)","journal-title":"Sci. Technol. Hum. Values"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2114907"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taab155"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_13_2","first-page":"11","article-title":"COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and anti-vaxxers\u2014supporting healthcare workers to navigate the unvaccinated: reflections from clinical practice","volume":"112","author":"Hoare J","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hoare J, Mendelson M, Frenkel L. 2022 COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and anti-vaxxers\u2014supporting healthcare workers to navigate the unvaccinated: reflections from clinical practice. SAMJ 112, 11-13. (doi:10.7196\/SAMJ.2022.v112i1.16208)","journal-title":"SAMJ"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_14_2","first-page":"e175","article-title":"What social media told us in the time of COVID-19: a scoping review","volume":"3","author":"Tsao S-F","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tsao S-F, Chen H, Tisseverasinghe T, Yang Y, Li L, Butt ZA. 2021 What social media told us in the time of COVID-19: a scoping review. Lancet 3, e175-e194. (doi:10.1016\/S2589-7500(20)30315-0)","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10796-017-9810-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0272208"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.952363"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0231924","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0231924","article-title":"Mental health problems and social media exposure during COVID-19 outbreak","volume":"15","author":"Gao J","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gao J, Zheng P, Jia Y, Chen H, Mao Y, Chen S, Wang Y, Fu H, Dai J. 2020 Mental health problems and social media exposure during COVID-19 outbreak. PLoS ONE 15, e0231924. (doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0231924)","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-73510-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.987376"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofac263"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_22_2","first-page":"80","article-title":"Dissemination of information about ivermectin on Twitter during the COVID-19 public health emergency","volume":"278","author":"Berdahl C","year":"2022","unstructured":"Berdahl C, Fischer S, Marcelino W, Cohen C, Armstrong C, Mendel P. 2022 Dissemination of information about ivermectin on Twitter during the COVID-19 public health emergency. Ann. Emerg. Med. 278, 80. (doi:10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2022.08.305)","journal-title":"Ann. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5530\/jscires.11.2.19"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_24_2","first-page":"e39582","article-title":"Social media mining of long-COVID self-medication reported by Reddit users: feasibility study to support drug repurposing","volume":"6","author":"Koss J","year":"2022","unstructured":"Koss J, Bohnet-Joschko S. 2022 Social media mining of long-COVID self-medication reported by Reddit users: feasibility study to support drug repurposing. JMIR 6, e39582. (doi:10.2196\/39582)","journal-title":"JMIR"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkac382"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_26_2","first-page":"e1866","article-title":"An\u00e1lisis de publicaciones y comentarios sobre la ivermectina en Facebook durante la pandemia del COVID-19 en Per\u00fa","volume":"33","author":"Rodr\u00edguez IEM","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez IEM, Camara DFC, De la Cruz L, Montero AE, Bacilio A, Solari ER. 2022 An\u00e1lisis de publicaciones y comentarios sobre la ivermectina en Facebook durante la pandemia del COVID-19 en Per\u00fa. Revista Cubana de Informacion en Ciencias de la Salud 33, e1866. (doi:10.1590\/SciELOPreprints.1903)","journal-title":"Revista Cubana de Informacion en Ciencias de la Salud"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_27_2","first-page":"67","article-title":"Looking for a (covid) miracle: the ivermectin issue and its online patterns of dissemination in Romania","volume":"29","author":"Sult\u0103nescu D","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sult\u0103nescu D, Sult\u0103nescu D. 2022 Looking for a (covid) miracle: the ivermectin issue and its online patterns of dissemination in Romania. Cybern. Hum. Knowing 29, 67-90.","journal-title":"Cybern. Hum. Knowing"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_28_2","article-title":"The evolution of the COVID-19 pandemic through the lens of Google searches","author":"Marty R","year":"2022","unstructured":"Marty R, Maqueda MR, Khan N, Reichert A. 2022 The evolution of the COVID-19 pandemic through the lens of Google searches. Res. Sq. (doi:10.21203\/rs.3.rs-1551521\/v1)","journal-title":"Res. Sq."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11040445"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_30_2","first-page":"1668","article-title":"Using Twitter data to understand public perceptions of approved versus off-label use for COVID-19-related medications","volume":"29","author":"Hua Y","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hua Y, Jiang H, Lin S, Yang J, Plasek JM, Bates DW, Zhou L. 2022 Using Twitter data to understand public perceptions of approved versus off-label use for COVID-19-related medications. JAMIA 29, 1668-1678. (doi:10.1093\/jamia\/ocac114)","journal-title":"JAMIA"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_31_2","unstructured":"Twitter Developer Platform. 2020 Getting started with the full-archive search endpoint. See https:\/\/developer.twitter.com\/en\/docs\/twitter-api\/premium\/search-api\/quick-start\/premium-full-archive (accessed 30 August 2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_32_2","unstructured":"Off-Label Drug Use. 2023 https:\/\/github.com\/Jdkong\/Covid_Off_Label_Drug_Use_twitter_data (accessed 1 July 2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n747"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23937\/2474-3658\/1510233"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_35_2","unstructured":"Esri. 2012 ArcGis Online. See https:\/\/doc.arcgis.com\/en\/arcgis-online\/get-started\/what-is-agol.htm (accessed 30 August 2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_36_2","first-page":"e32685","article-title":"Comparing public sentiment toward COVID-19 vaccines across Canadian cities: analysis of comments on Reddit","volume":"23","author":"Yan C","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yan C, Law M, Nguyen S, Cheung J, Kong J. 2021 Comparing public sentiment toward COVID-19 vaccines across Canadian cities: analysis of comments on Reddit. JMIR 23, e32685. (doi:10.2196\/32685)","journal-title":"JMIR"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_37_2","unstructured":"Liu Y et al. 2019 RoBERTa: A Robustly Optimized BERT Pretraining Approach. arXiv [Preprint]. (doi:10.48550\/arXiv.1907.11692)"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_38_2","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez JM Giudici JC Luque F. 2021 pysentimiento: A Python Toolkit for Sentiment Analysis and SocialNLP tasks. ArXiv [Preprint]. (doi:10.48550\/arXiv.2106.09462)"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_39_2","unstructured":"del Arco FMP Strapparava C Lopez LAU Teresa M. 2020 EmoEvent: a multilingual emotion corpus based on different events. Proc. 12th Language Resources and Evaluation Conf. Marseille France pp. 1492-1498. European Language Resources Association."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_40_2","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez JM Furman DA Alemany LA Luque F. 2021 RoBERTuito: a pre-trained language model for social media text in Spanish. (https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2111.09453)"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Loureiro D Barbieri F Neves L Anke LE Camacho-Collados J. 2022 TimeLMs: diachronic language models from Twitter. (https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2202.03829)","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2022.acl-demo.25"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-83010-6_14"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_43_2","unstructured":"Nia ZM Ahmadi A Mellado B Wu J Orbinski J Asgary A Kong JD. 2022 Twitter-based gender recognition using transformers. (https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2205.06801)"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_44_2","first-page":"782","article-title":"Winds of change: impact of COVID-19 on vaccine-related opinions of Twitter users","volume":"16","author":"Poddar S","year":"2022","unstructured":"Poddar S, Mondal M, Misra J, Ganguly N, Ghosh S. 2022 Winds of change: impact of COVID-19 on vaccine-related opinions of Twitter users. AAAI Web Social Media 16, 782-793. (doi:10.1609\/icwsm.v16i1.19334)","journal-title":"AAAI Web Social Media"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_45_2","article-title":"Vaccine hesitancy hotspots in Africa: an insight from geotagged Twitter posts","author":"Ogbuokiri B","unstructured":"Ogbuokiri B, Ahmadi A, Movahedi Nia Z, Mellado B, Wu J, Orbinski J, Asgary A, Kong J. In press. Vaccine hesitancy hotspots in Africa: an insight from geotagged Twitter posts. IEEE Trans. Comput. Soc. Syst. (doi:10.1109\/TCSS.2023.3236368)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Comput. Soc. Syst"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ogbuokiri B Ahmadi A Tripathi N Movahedi Nia Z Mellado B Wu J Asgary A Orbinski J Kong J. 2023 The impact of Omicron variant in vaccine uptake in South Africa. Research Square . (doi:10.21203\/rs.3.rs-2454619\/v1)","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-2454619\/v1"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_47_2","first-page":"544","article-title":"Using Twitter for sentiment analysis towards AstraZeneca\/Oxford, Pfizer\/BioNTech and Moderna COVID-19 vaccines","volume":"98","author":"Marcec R","year":"2022","unstructured":"Marcec R, Likic R. 2022 Using Twitter for sentiment analysis towards AstraZeneca\/Oxford, Pfizer\/BioNTech and Moderna COVID-19 vaccines. PMJ 98, 544-550. (doi:10.1136\/postgradmedj-2021-140685)","journal-title":"PMJ"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_48_2","unstructured":"Galal S. 2022 Distribution of Twitter users in South Africa in 2021 by province. Statista. See https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/1341631\/distribution-of-twitter-users-in-south-africa-by-province\/ (accessed 23 January 2023)"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2015.2490723"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofab645"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.o453"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_52_2","article-title":"From COVID-19 treatment to miracle cure: the role of influencers and public figures in amplifying the hydroxychloroquine and ivermectin conspiracy theories during the pandemic","volume":"25","author":"Baker SA","year":"2022","unstructured":"Baker SA, Maddox A. 2022 From COVID-19 treatment to miracle cure: the role of influencers and public figures in amplifying the hydroxychloroquine and ivermectin conspiracy theories during the pandemic. Media\/Culture J. 25. (doi:10.5204\/mcj.2872)","journal-title":"Media\/Culture J."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.332.7552.1233-a"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_54_2","unstructured":"Statista. 2021 Distribution of Twitter users worldwide as of April 2021 by age group. See https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/283119\/age-distribution-of-global-twitter-users\/ (accessed 4 March 2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_55_2","unstructured":"Movahedi Nia Z et al. 2023 Off-label drug use during the COVID-19 pandemic in Africa: topic modelling and sentiment analysis of ivermectin in South Africa and Nigeria as a case study. Figshare. (doi:10.6084\/m9.figshare.c.6760001)"}],"container-title":["Journal of The Royal Society Interface"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rsif.2023.0200","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1098\/rsif.2023.0200","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rsif.2023.0200","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,13]],"date-time":"2023-09-13T07:27:50Z","timestamp":1694590070000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/10.1098\/rsif.2023.0200"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"206","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1098\/rsif.2023.0200"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsif.2023.0200","relation":{},"ISSN":["1742-5662"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1742-5662","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-04-06","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-07-18","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-09-13","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"20230200"}}