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R. Soc. Interface."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Prosocial punishment, an important factor to stabilize cooperation in social dilemma games, often faces challenges like second-order free-riders\u2014who cooperate but avoid punishing to save costs\u2014and antisocial punishers, who defect and retaliate against cooperators. Addressing these challenges, our study introduces prosocial punishment bots that consistently cooperate and punish free-riders. Our findings reveal that these bots significantly promote the emergence of prosocial punishment among normal players due to their \u2018sticky effect\u2019\u2014an unwavering commitment to cooperation and punishment that magnetically attracts their opponents to emulate this strategy. Additionally, we observe that the prevalence of prosocial punishment is greatly enhanced when normal players exhibit a tendency to follow a \u2018copying the majority\u2019 strategy, or when bots are strategically placed in high-degree nodes within scale-free networks. Conversely, bots designed for defection or antisocial punishment diminish overall cooperation levels. This stark contrast underscores the critical role of strategic bot design in enhancing cooperative behaviours in human\/AI interactions. Our findings open new avenues in evolutionary game theory, demonstrating the potential of human\u2013machine collaboration in solving the conundrum of punishment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2024.0019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,12]],"date-time":"2024-03-12T20:05:42Z","timestamp":1710273942000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Prosocial punishment bots breed social punishment in human players"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2725-9763","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chen","family":"Shen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 816-8580, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhixue","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 816-8580, Japan"},{"name":"School of Statistics and Mathematics, Yunnan University of Finance and Economics, Kunming 650221, People\u2019s Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1203-9984","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lei","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Statistics and Mathematics, Yunnan University of Finance and Economics, Kunming 650221, People\u2019s Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for OPTical IMagery Analysis and Learning (OPTIMAL), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, People\u2019s Republic of China"},{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, People\u2019s Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Tanimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 816-8580, Japan"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 816-8580, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_8_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7466396"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203761335"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0040299"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_5_2","volume-title":"The evolution of cooperation","author":"Axelrod R","year":"1984","unstructured":"Axelrod R. 1984 The evolution of cooperation. 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