{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T05:02:21Z","timestamp":1784005341042,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"222","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["royalsocietypublishing.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J. R. Soc. Interface."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            <jats:italic>Achroia grisella<\/jats:italic>\n            (Fabricius, 1794) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) is a pyralid moth with two ears in its abdomen that it uses for detecting mates and predators. Despite no connection between the two ears having been found and no other elements having been observed through X-ray scans of the moth, it seems to be capable of directional hearing with just one ear when one of them is damaged. It is therefore suspected that the morphology of the eardrum can provide directional cues for sound localization. Here, we use finite element modelling software COMSOL to model a simplified version of the eardrum, an elliptical plate with two sections of different thicknesses and a mass load at the centre of the thin section, to try to determine if the morphology of the ear is responsible for the moth\u2019s monoaural directional hearing. Results indicate that the resonance mode and directionality response of the elliptical plate with two thicknesses and a mass load match that of the moth closely and provide an enhanced response to sounds coming from the front of the moth. Damping is also considered in the resonant mode, and it is observed to improve the resemblance of the simulation to real moth ear measurements.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2024.0752","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,15]],"date-time":"2025-01-15T00:05:36Z","timestamp":1736899536000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Explaining the monoaural directional hearing of the moth\n            <i>Achroia grisella<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0260-0312","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lara","family":"D\u00edaz-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ultrasonic Engineering, University of Strathclyde","place":["Glasgow, UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0511-4640","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Andrew","family":"Reid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ultrasonic Engineering, University of Strathclyde","place":["Glasgow, UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4878-349X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"James F. C.","family":"Windmill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ultrasonic Engineering, University of Strathclyde","place":["Glasgow, UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-2700-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-76220-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-40462-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_5_2","volume-title":"Comparative hearing: insects","author":"Hoy RR","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hoy RR, Fay RR. 2012 Comparative hearing: insects. 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New York, NY: J. Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1907847116"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-40462-7_6"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3032.1984.tb00684.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/anbe.1996.0111"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aesa\/76.1.94"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2022.3197841"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1127\/entom.gen\/20\/1996\/195"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_30_2","first-page":"83","article-title":"Uber den bau der abdominalen tympanalorgane der kleinen wachsmotte achroia grisella (Fbr)","volume":"1141","author":"Knopek L","year":"1986","unstructured":"Knopek L, Hintze-Podufal C. 1986 Uber den bau der abdominalen tympanalorgane der kleinen wachsmotte achroia grisella (Fbr). Zool. Jahrb. Abt. Anat. Ontog. 1141, 83\u201393.","journal-title":"Zool. Jahrb. Abt. Anat. Ontog."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1615691113"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01052508"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_33_2","unstructured":"Mackie DJ. 2015 Biologically inspired acoustic systems: from insect ears to mems microphone structures. PhD thesis [Glasgow UK]: University of Strathclyde."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2019.11.3394"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1810025115"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asd.2004.05.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.00523"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_38_2","volume-title":"Structural biomaterials","author":"Vincent J","year":"2012","unstructured":"Vincent J. 2012 Structural biomaterials, 3rd edn. 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See https:\/\/www.oreilly.com\/library\/view\/statistics-in-a\/9781449361129."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00655874"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00359-014-0976-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_44_2","unstructured":"Diaz Garcia L Windmill J Reid AB. 2024 Data for: Explaining the monoaural directional hearing of the moth Achroia grisella. University of Strathclyde. 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