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R. Soc. Interface."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Infectious disease outbreaks have the potential to result in substantial human casualties and financial losses. Issuing timely warnings and taking appropriate measures before infectious disease outbreaks can effectively hinder or even prevent the spread of epidemics. However, the spread of infectious diseases is a complex and dynamic process that involves both biological and social systems. Consequently, issuing accurate early warnings for infectious disease outbreaks in real time remains a significant challenge. In this study, we have developed a novel computational approach called dynamic network entropy (DNE) by constructing city networks and leveraging extensive hospital visit record data to pinpoint early warning signals for infectious disease outbreaks. Specifically, the proposed method can accurately identify pre-outbreak of infectious diseases including influenza and hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD). The predicted early warning signals preceded the outbreaks or initial peaks by at least six weeks for influenza and five weeks for HFMD. Additionally, compared to other existing methods, our proposed approach exhibits good performance in pinpointing critical warning signals. Therefore, by harnessing detailed dynamic and high-dimensional information, our DNE method presents an innovative strategy for identifying the critical point or pre-outbreak stage prior to the catastrophic transition into a pandemic outbreak, which holds significant potential for application in the field of public health surveillance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2025.0047","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]],"date-time":"2025-08-19T23:05:23Z","timestamp":1755644723000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Dynamic network entropy for pinpointing the pre-outbreak stage of infectious disease"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5459-6809","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Qibin","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Foshan University","place":["Foshan, People\u2019s Republic of China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haoming","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Foshan University","place":["Foshan, People\u2019s Republic of China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanping","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Foshan University","place":["Foshan, People\u2019s Republic of China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hua","family":"Chai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Foshan University","place":["Foshan, People\u2019s Republic of China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhengrong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South China University of Technology","place":["Guangzhou, People\u2019s Republic of China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiayuan","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Foshan University","place":["Foshan, People\u2019s Republic of China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_8_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001888-200512000-00002"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(24)00066-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-44668-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a038356"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-023-00908-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.2087"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268804003231"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.09.020421"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010883"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2015.12.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_12_2","first-page":"1358","article-title":"Impediments to global surveillance of infectious diseases: consequences of open reporting in a global economy","volume":"78","author":"Cash RA","year":"2000","unstructured":"Cash RA, Narasimhan V. 2000 Impediments to global surveillance of infectious diseases: consequences of open reporting in a global economy. 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