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R. Soc. Interface."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            T-cells are a crucial subset of white blood cells that play a central role in the immune system. When T-cells bind antigens, it leads to cell activation and the induction of an immune response. If T-cells are activated by antigens\n            <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n            or artificially\n            <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro,<\/jats:italic>\n            they form multicellular aggregates. The mechanical properties of such clusters provide valuable information on different T-cell activation pathways. Furthermore, the aggregate mechanics capture how T-cells are affected by mechanical forces and interact within larger conglomerates, such as lymph nodes and tumours. However, an understanding of collective T-cell adhesion and mechanics following cell activation is currently lacking. Probing the mechanics of fragile and microscopically small living samples is experimentally challenging. Here, the micropipette force sensor technique was used to stretch T-cell aggregates and directly measure their Young\u2019s modulus and ultimate tensile strength. A mechanistic model was developed to correlate how the stiffness of the mesoscale multicellular aggregate emerges from the mechanical response of the individual microscopic cells within the cluster. We show how the aggregate elasticity is affected by different activators and relate this to different activation pathways in the cells. Our soft matter mechanics study of multicellular T-cell aggregates contributes to our understanding of the biology behind immune cell activation.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2025.0231","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]],"date-time":"2025-07-23T07:37:37Z","timestamp":1753256257000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Soft matter mechanics of immune cell aggregates"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Shohreh","family":"Askari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University","place":["Espoo, Finland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guillem","family":"Saldo Rubio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki","place":["Helsinki, Finland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anagha","family":"Datar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University","place":["Espoo, Finland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heidi","family":"Harjunp\u00e4\u00e4","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki","place":["Helsinki, Finland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susanna C.","family":"Fagerholm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki","place":["Helsinki, Finland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4501-8872","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Matilda","family":"Backholm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University","place":["Espoo, Finland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_8_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physrep.2021.05.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22031195"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2013.11.4498"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(01)02182-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.26845"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(96)79602-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(99)77139-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1140\/epje\/i2009-10514-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2010.10.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actamat.2003.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0903994106"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1007940107"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-biophys-030822-030629"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_15_2","first-page":"625","article-title":"Decreased mutual adhesiveness, a property of cells from squamous cell carcinomas","volume":"4","author":"Coman DR","year":"1944","unstructured":"Coman DR . 1944 Decreased mutual adhesiveness, a property of cells from squamous cell carcinomas. 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