{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T15:49:09Z","timestamp":1787932149898,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"234","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767744000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767744000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009377","name":"Loire Valley Institute for Advanced Studies","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009377","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"CNRS"},{"name":"University of Tours and France"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Insects transport respiratory gases through a system of air-filled tubes (tracheae) that branch extensively to reach individual cells. A century of research has focused primarily on how tracheal systems deliver oxygen, often overlooking the complementary challenge of removing carbon dioxide. Here, we develop and analyse a model of simultaneous O\u2082 and CO\u2082 transport, which we parametrize with morphological and metabolic data. The model reveals a fundamental asymmetry: oxygen transport is most limited by the tissue gap between tracheoles and mitochondria; carbon dioxide transport, by contrast, is limited primarily by the geometry and ventilation of the air-filled parts of the system. Applying the model to Manduca sexta caterpillars shows that CO\u2082 accumulation is especially sensitive to tracheal diffusive capacity, narrowing of terminal tracheal tubes and ventilatory depth. These results imply a spatial partitioning of tracheal functions in which the CO\u2082 problem drives the capacities of air-filled parts of the system and patterns of ventilation, whereas the O\u2082 problem drives the arrangement and physiology of tracheoles and tracheolar\u2013mitochondrial distances.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2025.0420","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T08:03:03Z","timestamp":1767772983000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Architecture of the insect tracheal system driven by spatially varying limitation of oxygen and carbon dioxide transport"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3147-516X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H. 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