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Moreover, plasticity can be regulated by CCL concentration, which we hypothesize responds to collagen IV turnover, thus generating transient weak spots. To test this, we developed a biophysical, mathematical model describing the interaction between a tumour-cell cluster (TCC) and a BM considering experimentally measured parameters of filopodial activity and collagen IV turnover taken from the literature. The cluster is represented as an evolving energetic surface, while the BM is described as a point set representing active and inactive links. Simulations show that synchronization of collagen IV turnover, coupled with filopodium extension, drives pore enlargement, providing a mechanistic basis for protease-independent invasion. Consistent with experimental observations, simulations identify two complementary filopodium groups: one driving global degradation and another promoting local pore enlargement.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2025.1106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T00:11:43Z","timestamp":1781655103000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Basement membrane turnover drives filopodial protease-independent invasion"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4041-3785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Hernandez-Aristizabal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LJAD UMR CNRS 7351, Universit\u00e9 C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur 1 , Nice, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9511-8903","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anotida","family":"Madzvamuse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mathematics Department, The University of British Columbia 2 , Vancouver, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Mathematics and Computational Sciences, University of Zimbabwe 3 , Harare, Zimbabwe"},{"name":"Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics, University of Pretoria 4 , Pretoria, South Africa"},{"name":"Applied Mathematics, University of Johannesburg 5 , Johannesburg, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6868-4654","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric","family":"Luton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IPMC UMR CNRS 7275, INSERM U1323, Universit\u00e9 C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur 6 , Nice, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8715-9174","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachele","family":"Allena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LJAD UMR CNRS 7351, Universit\u00e9 C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur 1 , Nice, France"},{"name":"Institut Universitaire de France 7 , Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026082409482031700_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.ctdb.2018.02.005","article-title":"Basement membranes in development and disease","volume":"130","author":"Sekiguchi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. 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