{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:09:34Z","timestamp":1792786174050,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"242","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Minnesota Office of Higher Education SCI-TBI","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05mwe6667","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A substantial portion of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drains through cervical lymphatic vessels (CLVs), a pathway mediated by basal and dorsal meningeal lymphatics. Impaired drainage along this route has been implicated in ageing, Alzheimer's disease and traumatic brain injury. Despite considerable experimental investigation of CLV structure and function, computational modelling of this pathway remains limited. Here, we present a fully coupled two-dimensional fluid\u2013structure interaction (FSI) model of a murine CLV constructed using the lattice Boltzmann method for fluid dynamics and the immersed boundary method for the vessel geometry. Distinct from previous lymphatic vessel models, this framework is parametrized using data from recent in vivo imaging studies of CLVs. Using this model, we characterize the transient FSI dynamics within a single lymphangion, the pumping performance across a chain of three lymphangions with varying contraction phase delays and the role of circular sinus geometry in regulating CSF transport under both favourable and adverse pressure gradients. Our results provide the first high-fidelity simulation of CSF drainage through CLVs, bridging a gap between experimental observations and mechanistic understanding. This work offers new insights into CLV pumping behaviour and valve function, which helps inform the design of future experiments and therapeutic strategies aimed at enhancing CSF clearance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2025.1261","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T05:38:56Z","timestamp":1790746736000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Fluid\u2013structure interaction dynamics of cervical lymphatic vessel pumping and valvular function"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Daehyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota Twin Cities 1 , Minneapolis, MN, USA"},{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London 2 , London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2083-0901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeffrey","family":"Tithof","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota Twin Cities 1 , Minneapolis, MN, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026093001385017700_RSIF20251261C1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1038\/nature16999","article-title":"Structural and functional features of central nervous system lymphatic vessels","volume":"533","author":"Louveau","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026093001385017700_RSIF20251261C2","first-page":"3210","article-title":"Understanding the functions and relationships of the glymphatic system and meningeal lymphatics","volume-title":"J. Clin. Invest.","author":"Louveau","year":"2017"},{"key":"2026093001385017700_RSIF20251261C3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1434","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-01484-6","article-title":"Outflow of cerebrospinal fluid is predominantly through lymphatic vessels and is reduced in aged mice","volume":"8","author":"Ma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2026093001385017700_RSIF20251261C4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06737-7","article-title":"Potentiating glymphatic drainage minimizes post-traumatic cerebral oedema","volume":"623","author":"Hussain","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026093001385017700_RSIF20251261C5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3639.1992.tb00703.x","article-title":"Drainage of brain extracellular fluid into blood and deep cervical lymph and its immunological significance","volume":"2","author":"Cserr","year":"1992","journal-title":"Brain Pathol."},{"key":"2026093001385017700_RSIF20251261C6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0305-1846.2003.00508.x","article-title":"Lymphatic cerebrospinal fluid absorption pathways in neonatal sheep revealed by subarachnoid injection of microfil","volume":"29","author":"Zakharov","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol."},{"key":"2026093001385017700_RSIF20251261C7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2990.2005.00679.x","article-title":"Subarachnoid injection of microfil reveals connections between cerebrospinal fluid and nasal lymphatics in the non-human primate","volume":"31","author":"Johnston","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol."},{"key":"2026093001385017700_RSIF20251261C8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1418","DOI":"10.1038\/s43587-024-00691-3","article-title":"Restoration of cervical lymphatic vessel function in aging rescues cerebrospinal fluid drainage","volume":"4","author":"Du","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Aging"},{"key":"2026093001385017700_RSIF20251261C9","first-page":"185","article-title":"Functional aspects of meningeal lymphatics in ageing and Alzheimer's disease","volume-title":"Nature","author":"Da Mesquita","year":"2018"},{"key":"2026093001385017700_RSIF20251261C10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1111\/bpa.12656","article-title":"Deep cervical lymph node ligation aggravates AD-like pathology of APP\/PS1 mice","volume":"29","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Pathol."},{"key":"2026093001385017700_RSIF20251261C11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X18822921","article-title":"Impaired meningeal lymphatic vessel development worsens stroke outcome","volume":"40","author":"Yanev","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"2026093001385017700_RSIF20251261C12","article-title":"Submitted","author":"Hussain"},{"key":"2026093001385017700_RSIF20251261C13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4524","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18113-4","article-title":"Meningeal lymphatic dysfunction exacerbates traumatic brain injury pathogenesis","volume":"11","author":"Bolte","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2026093001385017700_RSIF20251261C14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2429","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-020-03706-5","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid outflow: a review of the historical and contemporary evidence for arachnoid villi, perineural routes, and dural lymphatics","volume":"78","author":"Proulx","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell. Mole. Life Sci."},{"key":"2026093001385017700_RSIF20251261C15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0227-9","article-title":"CNS lymphatic drainage and neuroinflammation are regulated by meningeal lymphatic vasculature","volume":"21","author":"Louveau","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"2026093001385017700_RSIF20251261C16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06899-4","article-title":"Nasopharyngeal lymphatic plexus is a hub for cerebrospinal fluid drainage","volume":"625","author":"Yoon","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026093001385017700_RSIF20251261C17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-09052-5","article-title":"Increased CSF drainage by non-invasive manipulation of cervical lymphatics","volume":"643","author":"Jin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026093001385017700_RSIF20251261C18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12987-020-00189-1","article-title":"Intracranial pressure elevation alters CSF clearance pathways","volume":"17","author":"Vinje","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fluids Barriers CNS"},{"key":"2026093001385017700_RSIF20251261C19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3532","DOI":"10.1002\/cnm.3532","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid dynamics coupled to the global circulation in holistic setting: mathematical models, numerical methods and applications","volume":"38","author":"Toro","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. 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