{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T14:35:53Z","timestamp":1787582153013,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"239","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"USDA-NIFA AFRI","award":["2019-67015-28982"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-67015-28982"]}]},{"name":"USDA-NSF-NIH-BBSRC-BSF Ecology and Evolution of Infectious Diseases program"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Bluetongue virus (BTV) is a vector-transmitted orbivirus that infects ruminant livestock and wildlife, causing substantial economic losses owing to its impact on animal health and trade. Despite extensive study, the mechanisms underlying infection and immune dynamics remain unclear. Here, we develop and calibrate a mechanistic within-host model of BTV infection in experimentally infected sheep to quantify the contributions of innate and adaptive immune responses to viral control. The model integrates longitudinal data on viral RNA dynamics reverse transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction, CD8+ T-cell and antibody dynamics, and midge infection outcomes within a Bayesian inference framework using Hamiltonian Monte Carlo. Our results reveal that CD8+ T lymphocytes mediate over 90% of viral clearance, establishing them as the primary drivers of disease control. Interferons exert an early but moderate antiviral effect, whereas antibodies contribute minimally to acute clearance yet sustain long-term immunity. Sensitivity analyses identify viral replication and infection rates as key determinants of peak viral RNA load. Collectively, these findings provide a quantitative framework linking immune kinetics, viral dynamics and transmission potential, advancing mechanistic understanding of BTV pathogenesis, and informing strategies for vaccine and antiviral development in ruminant hosts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2025.1309","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T00:11:17Z","timestamp":1781655077000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mechanistic insights into Bluetongue virus immunodynamics: a Bayesian within-host modelling approach"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-8369-4074","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abhijit","family":"Majumder","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences and Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame College of Science 1 , Notre Dame, IN, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph A.","family":"Westrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University 2 , Fort Collins, CO, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erin","family":"McNulty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University 2 , Fort Collins, CO, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9912-3937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tyler","family":"Sherman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic Medicine Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University 3 , Fort Collins, CO, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Molly","family":"Carpenter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University 2 , Fort Collins, CO, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christie","family":"Mayo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University 2 , Fort Collins, CO, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Candace","family":"Mathiason","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University 2 , Fort Collins, CO, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7518-4014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alex","family":"Perkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame 4 , Notre Dame, USA"},{"name":"Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health 5 , Bethesda, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026082409502270300_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S7","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-11-S1-S7","article-title":"A review of mathematical models of influenza A infections within a host or cell culture: lessons learned and challenges ahead","volume":"11","author":"Beauchemin","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2026082409502270300_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002588","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1002588","article-title":"Modeling within-host dynamics of influenza virus infection including immune responses","volume":"8","author":"Pawelek","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Comput. 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