{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T13:16:28Z","timestamp":1793452588066,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"242","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000923","name":"Australian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DP230102934"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP230102934"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Max Planck Queensland Centre"},{"name":"QUT and GOstralia! Postgraduate Research Award"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Mobulidae are large filter-feeding cartilaginous fishes (Chondrichthyes) that migrate in the world's oceans. However, how their skeletal tissues have adapted to varying environments remains poorly understood. In this study, skeletal adaptations were investigated in four devil rays (Mobulidae), inhabiting various depth ranges from the surface (Mobula eregoodoo 0\u201350 m, Mobula thurstoni 0\u2013100 m) to deeper water (Mobula mobular 0\u20131112 m, Mobula tarapacana 0\u20131896 m). However, since these are highly protected species, often with offshore, pelagic lifestyles, samples are difficult to obtain and are often preserved by freezing or fixation. Thus, the effects of formalin fixation were assessed on neurocranial samples from a ray (M. eregoodoo), a shark (Centroselachus crepidater) and a chimaera (Hydrolagus bemisi) before the mechanical and compositional properties of fixed neurocranial tessellated cartilage (n = 2 per species) were assessed in the four mobulid ray species using uniaxial compression, micro- and nano-indentation alongside assessments of mineralization, glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content and water distribution. During the fixation experiment, mechanical properties decreased by over 30%, possibly owing to leaching or water exclusion. With this effect in mind, the mechanical behaviour in mobulid rays displayed a decreasing trend among species with increasing depth ranges. No correlation between mechanical properties and GAG content or mineralization was found; however, water displayed a negative relationship with the mechanical properties. Collectively, these results suggest a more hydrated and compliant cartilage matrix in species with increased depth range compared with shallower species. This study provides the first account of energy dissipation, toughness, strength and relaxation behaviour of tessellated cartilage in chondrichthyans, revealing new insights into skeletal adaptation in cartilaginous fishes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2025.1331","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T00:07:11Z","timestamp":1789517231000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Biomechanics and composition of fixed neurocranial tessellated cartilage from the neurocranium of four mobulid ray species with different depth ranges"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Theda","family":"Hinrichs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology 1 , Brisbane, Queensland, Australia"},{"name":"Max Planck Queensland Centre for the Materials Science of Extracellular Matrices, Queensland University of Technology 2 , Brisbane, Queensland, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingxiao","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces 6 , Potsdam, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chun-Wei","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology 1 , Brisbane, Queensland, Australia"},{"name":"Max Planck Queensland Centre for the Materials Science of Extracellular Matrices, Queensland University of Technology 2 , Brisbane, Queensland, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gobiraj","family":"Ramajeyam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Blue Resources Trust 7 , Colombo, Sri Lanka"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anusha","family":"Neranjan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Blue Resources Trust 7 , Colombo, Sri Lanka"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shahrouz","family":"Amini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces 6 , Potsdam, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5026-6216","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mason","family":"Dean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases & Public Health, City University of Hong Kong 8 , Hong Kong"},{"name":"Centre for Nature-Inspired Engineering, City University of Hong Kong 9 , Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaun","family":"Collin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Queensland Centre for the Materials Science of Extracellular Matrices, Queensland University of Technology 2 , Brisbane, Queensland, Australia"},{"name":"School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University 10 , Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dietmar W.","family":"Hutmacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Queensland Centre for the Materials Science of Extracellular Matrices, Queensland University of Technology 2 , Brisbane, Queensland, Australia"},{"name":"School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Queensland University of Technology 3 , Brisbane, Queensland, Australia"},{"name":"ARC Industrial Transformation Training Centre for Multiscale 3D Imaging, Modelling and Manufacturing (M3D), Queensland University of Technology 4 , Brisbane, Queensland, Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Biomedical Technologies, Queensland University of Technology 5 , Brisbane, Queensland, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6669-7766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Travis J.","family":"Klein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology 1 , Brisbane, Queensland, Australia"},{"name":"Max Planck Queensland Centre for the Materials Science of Extracellular Matrices, Queensland University of Technology 2 , Brisbane, Queensland, Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Biomedical Technologies, Queensland University of Technology 5 , Brisbane, Queensland, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victoria","family":"Camilieri-Asch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology 1 , Brisbane, Queensland, Australia"},{"name":"Max Planck Queensland Centre for the Materials Science of Extracellular Matrices, Queensland University of Technology 2 , Brisbane, Queensland, Australia"},{"name":"ARC Industrial Transformation Training Centre for Multiscale 3D Imaging, Modelling and Manufacturing (M3D), Queensland University of Technology 4 , Brisbane, Queensland, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026091520070560100_RSIF20251331C1","first-page":"65","volume-title":"Guide to the manta and devil rays of the world","author":"Stevens","year":"2018"},{"key":"2026091520070560100_RSIF20251331C2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8649.2012.03264.x","article-title":"Biology, ecology and conservation of the Mobulidae","volume":"80","author":"Couturier","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Fish Biol."},{"key":"2026091520070560100_RSIF20251331C3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1801","DOI":"10.1007\/s10641-025-01727-2","article-title":"An integrative taxonomy investigation unravels a cryptic species of Mobula Rafinesque, 1810 (Mobulidae, Myliobatiformes), from the Atlantic Ocean","volume":"108","author":"Bucair","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Biol. 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