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However, the mechanistic pathways underlying these alterations remain poorly understood. Studies have shown that pattern formation in fish development requires specific pigment cell interactions. Motivated by experimental observations of pigmentation alterations following contaminant exposure, we investigate how pollutants influence pigment cell self-organization using a continuum reaction\u2013diffusion\u2013advection framework. The model incorporates non-local Morse-type kernels to describe short- and long-range interactions among melanophores and xanthophores. Our results show that perturbations to the strengths of adhesion or repulsion can drive transitions between stripes, spots and mixed patterns, reproducing phenotypes characteristic of fish pigmentation mutants. In particular, homotypic interactions are sensitive to contamination, leading to pronounced changes in melanophore density and resulting pigmentation patterns. Time-dependent simulations indicate that pigment changes from early short-term contaminant exposure may be recoverable, whereas prolonged exposure can lead to sustained pigment loss. In a growing fish, contaminant-induced changes in cell\u2013cell interactions directly influence stripe formation rate, stripe number and pigmentation levels. Overall, our study provides insight into the mechanistic link between experimentally observed pigmentation alterations and the changes in spatial patterns of adult fish.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2026.0065","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T00:10:38Z","timestamp":1786493438000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pollutant-induced changes in fish pigmentation and spatial patterns"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6048-0718","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pranali Roy","family":"Chowdhury","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, University of Alberta 1 , Edmonton, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Computational and Data Sciences, Indian Institute of Science 4 , Bengaluru, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tian Xu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, University of Alberta 1 , Edmonton, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abbey","family":"MacDonald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta 2 , Edmonton, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keith","family":"Tierney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta 2 , Edmonton, Canada"},{"name":"School of Public Health, University of Alberta 3 , Edmonton, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4132-6109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, University of Alberta 1 , Edmonton, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026081120102793500_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11462","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms11462","article-title":"Homotypic cell competition regulates proliferation and tiling of zebrafish pigment cells during colour pattern formation","volume":"7","author":"Walderich","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. 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