{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T00:39:54Z","timestamp":1792543194617,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"243","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792540800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":14,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014013","name":"UKRI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EP\/Y036239\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/Y036239\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014013","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Zoological Institute RAS","award":["125012800913-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["125012800913-4"]}]},{"name":"Zoological Institute RAS","award":["125012901042-9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["125012901042-9"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Seasonal migration in animals is a widespread and complex phenomenon, yet the mechanisms underlying orientation and navigation remain poorly understood in many taxa. In Lepidoptera, most insights come from monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) and Australian bogong moths (Agrotis infusa), which use both visual and geomagnetic cues for orientation. However, these species undertake multigenerational round trips between breeding grounds and specific non-breeding areas and are, therefore, not representative of most other lepidopteran migrants, for which the sensory mechanisms guiding orientation remain largely unexplored. Here, we report findings from a 2-year study investigating orientation mechanisms in the red admiral (Vanessa atalanta), a European migratory butterfly, under controlled light and magnetic conditions. Our results demonstrate that (i) red admirals primarily rely on solar cues for selecting their migratory direction; (ii) they show no response to clock-shift manipulation; and (iii) there is no evidence of magnetic compass use. These findings contrast with monarch butterflies, which rely on both a time-compensated sun compass and a light-dependent magnetic compass, and reveal interspecific variation in compass use among diurnal Lepidoptera. This underscores the need to expand orientation research beyond traditional model systems to better capture the diversity of migratory strategies and orientation mechanisms across Lepidoptera.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2026.0537","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T00:21:10Z","timestamp":1792542070000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Not all butterflies are monarchs: orientation using daytime celestial cues but not magnetic cues in European migratory red admirals (\n                    <i>Vanessa atalanta<\/i>\n                    )"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8092-4817","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandr","family":"Pakhomov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Keele University 1 , Staffordshire, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anatoly","family":"Shapoval","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological Station Rybachy, Zoological Institute RAS 2 , Rybachy, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nazar","family":"Shapoval","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Karyosystematics, Zoological Institute RAS 3 , Saint Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2619-1197","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dmitry","family":"Kishkinev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Keele University 1 , Staffordshire, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026102020210546700_RSIF20260537C1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1126\/science.176.4030.62","article-title":"Magnetic compass of European robins","volume":"176","author":"Wiltschko","year":"1972","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026102020210546700_RSIF20260537C2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.2307\/4083084","article-title":"Migratory orientation in the indigo bunting, Passerina cyanea. Part I: evidence for use of celestial cues","volume":"84","author":"Emlen","year":"1967","journal-title":"Auk"},{"key":"2026102020210546700_RSIF20260537C3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1007\/s00265-017-2279-3","article-title":"Further evidence of a time-independent stellar compass in a night-migrating songbird","volume":"71","author":"Pakhomov","year":"2017","journal-title":"Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol."},{"key":"2026102020210546700_RSIF20260537C4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01922508","article-title":"Wird die Sonnenh\u00f6he bei der Heimfindeorientierung verwertet?","volume":"94","author":"Kramer","year":"1953","journal-title":"J. f\u00fcr. Ornithol."},{"key":"2026102020210546700_RSIF20260537C5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01952166","article-title":"The sun compass","volume":"46","author":"Schmidt-Koenig","year":"1990","journal-title":"Experientia"},{"key":"2026102020210546700_RSIF20260537C6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"obaf022","DOI":"10.1093\/iob\/obaf022","article-title":"Comparative study of sun compass orientation in migrating anadromous versus resident freshwater threespine sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus)","volume":"7","author":"Spiecker","year":"2025","journal-title":"Integr. Org. Biol."},{"key":"2026102020210546700_RSIF20260537C7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"jeb244607","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.244607","article-title":"Juvenile Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) use a time-compensated sun compass for orientation","volume":"225","author":"Spiecker","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2026102020210546700_RSIF20260537C8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e66039","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0066039","article-title":"Sun compass orientation helps coral reef fish larvae return to their natal reef","volume":"8","author":"Mouritsen","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2026102020210546700_RSIF20260537C9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R822","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2015.08.012","article-title":"Eurasian reed warblers compensate for virtual magnetic displacement","volume":"25","author":"Kishkinev","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"2026102020210546700_RSIF20260537C10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"rspb20241363","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2024.1363","article-title":"Migratory birds can extract positional information from magnetic inclination and magnetic declination alone","volume":"291","author":"Packmor","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"2026102020210546700_RSIF20260537C11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"jeb238345","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.238345","article-title":"Evidence for the use of a high-resolution magnetic map by a short-distance migrant, the Alpine newt (Ichthyosaura alpestris)","volume":"224","author":"Diego-Rasilla","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2026102020210546700_RSIF20260537C12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"jeb246150","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.246150","article-title":"European common frogs determine migratory direction by inclination magnetic compass and show diurnal variation in orientation","volume":"227","author":"Shakhparonov","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2026102020210546700_RSIF20260537C13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1602007","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1602007","article-title":"Glass eels (Anguilla anguilla) have a magnetic compass linked to the tidal cycle","volume":"3","author":"Cresci","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"2026102020210546700_RSIF20260537C14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2017.03.015","article-title":"A magnetic map leads juvenile European eels to the Gulf Stream","volume":"27","author":"Naisbett-Jones","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"2026102020210546700_RSIF20260537C15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.182.1.1","article-title":"Geomagnetic orientation of loggerhead sea turtles: evidence for an inclination compass","volume":"182","author":"Light","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2026102020210546700_RSIF20260537C16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2014.01.017","article-title":"An inherited magnetic map guides ocean navigation in juvenile Pacific salmon","volume":"24","author":"Putman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"2026102020210546700_RSIF20260537C17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-08554-y","article-title":"Learned magnetic map cues and two mechanisms of magnetoreception in turtles","volume":"638","author":"Goforth","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026102020210546700_RSIF20260537C18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1759","DOI":"10.1139\/z78-240","article-title":"Autumnal migration routes of the eastern population of the monarch butterfly (Danaus p. plexippus L.; Danaidae; Lepidoptera) in North America to the overwintering site in the Neovolcanic Plateau of Mexico","volume":"56","author":"Urquhart","year":"1978","journal-title":"Can. J. Zool."},{"key":"2026102020210546700_RSIF20260537C19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1176221","article-title":"Antennal circadian clocks coordinate sun compass orientation in migratory monarch butterflies","volume":"325","author":"Merlin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026102020210546700_RSIF20260537C20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10162","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.152137299","article-title":"Virtual migration in tethered flying monarch butterflies reveals their orientation mechanisms","volume":"99","author":"Mouritsen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2026102020210546700_RSIF20260537C21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20211805","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2021.1805","article-title":"Hoverflies use a time-compensated sun compass to orientate during autumn migration","volume":"288","author":"Massy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"2026102020210546700_RSIF20260537C22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4164","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms5164","article-title":"A magnetic compass aids monarch butterfly migration","volume":"5","author":"Guerra","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2026102020210546700_RSIF20260537C23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-21002-z","article-title":"Cryptochrome 1 mediates light-dependent inclination magnetosensing in monarch butterflies","volume":"12","author":"Wan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2026102020210546700_RSIF20260537C24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"jeb245451","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.245451","article-title":"Gravisensation and modulation of gravitactic responses by other sensory cues in the monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus)","volume":"226","author":"Kendzel","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2026102020210546700_RSIF20260537C25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2018.02.067","article-title":"Demystifying monarch butterfly migration","volume":"28","author":"Reppert","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"2026102020210546700_RSIF20260537C26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1111\/aen.12517","article-title":"Australian bogong moths Agrotis infusa (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), 1951\u20132020: decline and crash","volume":"60","author":"Green","year":"2021","journal-title":"Austral Entomol."},{"key":"2026102020210546700_RSIF20260537C27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2016.00077","article-title":"The Australian bogong moth Agrotis infusa: a long-distance nocturnal navigator","volume":"10","author":"Warrant","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"2026102020210546700_RSIF20260537C28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2018.05.030","article-title":"The Earth's magnetic field and visual landmarks steer migratory flight behavior in the nocturnal Australian bogong moth","volume":"28","author":"Dreyer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"2026102020210546700_RSIF20260537C29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-09135-3","article-title":"Bogong moths use a stellar compass for long-distance navigation at night","volume":"643","author":"Dreyer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026102020210546700_RSIF20260537C30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1007\/s00359-025-01770-5","article-title":"From skylight cues to magnetic fields: the toolkit of insect long-distance navigation","volume":"212","author":"Goforth","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Comp. Physiol. A"},{"key":"2026102020210546700_RSIF20260537C31","first-page":"274","article-title":"Discovery of mass migration and breeding of the painted lady butterfly Vanessa cardui in the Sub-Sahara: the Europe\u2013Africa migration revisited","volume":"120","author":"Talavera","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol. J. Linn. Soc."},{"key":"2026102020210546700_RSIF20260537C32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20180274","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2018.0274","article-title":"Round-trip across the Sahara: Afrotropical Painted Lady butterflies recolonize the Mediterranean in early spring","volume":"14","author":"Talavera","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol. Lett."},{"key":"2026102020210546700_RSIF20260537C33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2024.111342","article-title":"Trans-Saharan migratory patterns in Vanessa cardui and evidence for a southward leapfrog migration","volume":"27","author":"Reich","year":"2024","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"2026102020210546700_RSIF20260537C34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2218280120","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2218280120","article-title":"The Afrotropical breeding grounds of the Palearctic-African migratory painted lady butterflies (Vanessa cardui)","volume":"120","author":"Talavera","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2026102020210546700_RSIF20260537C35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5205","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-49079-2","article-title":"A trans-oceanic flight of over 4,200 km by painted lady butterflies","volume":"15","author":"Suchan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2026102020210546700_RSIF20260537C36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70293","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.70293","article-title":"Resource availability modulates gene expression across life stages in a migratory butterfly","volume":"35","author":"Shipilina","year":"2026","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol."},{"key":"2026102020210546700_RSIF20260537C37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20191583","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2019.1583","article-title":"Spatio-temporal ecological niche modelling of multigenerational insect migrations","volume":"286","author":"Menchetti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"2026102020210546700_RSIF20260537C38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/pnasnexus\/pgae586","article-title":"Isotope geolocation and population genomics in Vanessa cardui: short- and long-distance migrants are genetically undifferentiated","volume":"4","author":"Reich","year":"2025","journal-title":"PNAS Nexus"},{"key":"2026102020210546700_RSIF20260537C39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2009.07.039","article-title":"Seasonally adaptive migratory headings mediated by a sun compass in the painted lady butterfly, Vanessa cardui","volume":"78","author":"Nesbit","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anim. Behav."},{"key":"2026102020210546700_RSIF20260537C40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.2307\/1537","article-title":"Seasonal changes in flight direction of migrant butterflies in the British Isles","volume":"20","author":"Williams","year":"1951","journal-title":"J. Anim. Ecol."},{"key":"2026102020210546700_RSIF20260537C41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1080\/11250009409355905","article-title":"Migration pattern of the red admiral, Vanessa atalanta L. (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae), in Italy","volume":"61","author":"Benvenuti","year":"1994","journal-title":"Boll. di Zool."},{"key":"2026102020210546700_RSIF20260537C42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2311.2001.00347.x","article-title":"The nature of migration in the red admiral butterfly Vanessa atalanta: evidence from the population ecology in its southern range","volume":"26","author":"Stefanescu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ecol. Entomol."},{"key":"2026102020210546700_RSIF20260537C43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s40462-018-0143-3","article-title":"Geographic origin and migration phenology of European red admirals (Vanessa atalanta) as revealed by stable isotopes","volume":"6","author":"Brattstr\u00f6m","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mov. Ecol."},{"key":"2026102020210546700_RSIF20260537C44","article-title":"Orientation tests and long-term movement phenology establish the red admiral Vanessa atalanta as an applicable model for navigation research in migratory butterflies","author":"Pakhomov","year":"2023","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"2026102020210546700_RSIF20260537C45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.14411\/eje.2017.066","article-title":"The year-round phenology of the migratory red admiral Vanessa atalanta (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) in a Mediterranean area in southern Spain","volume":"114","author":"Cuadrado","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Entomol."},{"key":"2026102020210546700_RSIF20260537C46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.14411\/eje.2003.091","article-title":"The red admiral butterfly (Vanessa atalanta, Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) is a true seasonal migrant: an evolutionary puzzle resolved?","volume":"100","author":"Mikkola","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Entomol."},{"key":"2026102020210546700_RSIF20260537C47","volume-title":"Ecology of red admiral migration","author":"Brattstr\u00f6m","year":"2007"},{"key":"2026102020210546700_RSIF20260537C48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2008.02.011","article-title":"Effects of wind and weather on red admiral, Vanessa atalanta, migration at a coastal site in southern Sweden","volume":"76","author":"Brattstr\u00f6m","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anim. Behav."},{"key":"2026102020210546700_RSIF20260537C49","first-page":"1","article-title":"Observations on migrating red admirals (Vanessa atalanta L.) in Denmark 1995-2000","volume":"107","author":"Hansen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Flora Fauna"},{"key":"2026102020210546700_RSIF20260537C50","first-page":"179","article-title":"\u00dcber wanderrichtung und flugleistung der Nymphaliden Inachis io, Aglais urticae und Vanessa atalanta im mitteleurop\u00e4ischen Raum nach R\u00fcckmeldungen signierter Falter","volume":"51","author":"Roer","year":"1991","journal-title":"Entomol. Ber."},{"key":"2026102020210546700_RSIF20260537C51","first-page":"6","article-title":"Southward migration of the red admiral Vanessa atalanta (L.) (Lep.: Nymphalidae)","volume":"112","author":"Leverton","year":"2000","journal-title":"Entomol. Rec. J. Var."},{"key":"2026102020210546700_RSIF20260537C52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0310.1996.tb01116.x","article-title":"Directional preferences in the autumn migration of the red admiral (Vanessa atalanta)","volume":"102","author":"Benvenuti","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ethology"},{"key":"2026102020210546700_RSIF20260537C53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3845","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.205.24.3845","article-title":"Magnetic compass orientation in European robins is dependent on both wavelength and intensity of light","volume":"205","author":"Muheim","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2026102020210546700_RSIF20260537C54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2845","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2018.07.002","article-title":"Sun navigation requires compass neurons in Drosophila","volume":"28","author":"Giraldo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"2026102020210546700_RSIF20260537C55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"jeb223800","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.223800","article-title":"Spatial orientation based on multiple visual cues in non-migratory monarch butterflies","volume":"223","author":"Franzke","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2026102020210546700_RSIF20260537C56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"jeb243687.","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.243687","article-title":"Stimulus-dependent orientation strategies in monarch butterflies","volume":"225","author":"Franzke","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2026102020210546700_RSIF20260537C57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20232499","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2023.2499","article-title":"Migratory birds are able to choose the appropriate migratory direction under dim yellow narrowband light","volume":"290","author":"Romanova","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"2026102020210546700_RSIF20260537C58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0209-y","article-title":"DeepLabCut: markerless pose estimation of user-defined body parts with deep learning","volume":"21","author":"Mathis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"2026102020210546700_RSIF20260537C59","volume-title":"Circular statistics in biology","author":"Batschelet","year":"1981"},{"key":"2026102020210546700_RSIF20260537C60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/67.1.175","article-title":"A modification of the Rayleigh test for vector data","volume":"67","author":"Moore","year":"1980","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"2026102020210546700_RSIF20260537C61","first-page":"3878","article-title":"Bringing the analysis of animal orientation data full circle: model-based approaches with maximum likelihood","volume":"220","author":"Fitak","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2026102020210546700_RSIF20260537C62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/s00359-021-01537-8","article-title":"Broadband 75\u201385 MHz radiofrequency fields disrupt magnetic compass orientation in night-migratory songbirds consistent with a flavin-based radical pair magnetoreceptor","volume":"208","author":"Leberecht","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Comp. Physiol. A"},{"key":"2026102020210546700_RSIF20260537C63","volume-title":"R: a language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026102020210546700_RSIF20260537C64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1038\/135009a0","article-title":"Immigration of insects into the British Isles","volume":"135","author":"Williams","year":"1935","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026102020210546700_RSIF20260537C65","first-page":"15","article-title":"Red Admirals Vanessa atalanta (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) select northern winds on southward migration","volume":"14","author":"Mikkola","year":"2003","journal-title":"Entomol. Fenn."},{"key":"2026102020210546700_RSIF20260537C66","first-page":"e02695","article-title":"Bidirectional movements of Nathusius\u2019 pipistrelle bats (Pipistrellus nathusii) during autumn at a major migration corridor","volume":"48","author":"Voigt","year":"2023","journal-title":"Glob. Ecol. Conserv."},{"key":"2026102020210546700_RSIF20260537C67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2021.678936","article-title":"A guide for using flight simulators to study the sensory basis of long-distance migration in insects","volume":"15","author":"Dreyer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"2026102020210546700_RSIF20260537C68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/s002650050245","article-title":"Bimodal orientation and the occurrence of temporary reverse bird migration during autumn in South Scandinavia","volume":"38","author":"\u00c5kesson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol."},{"key":"2026102020210546700_RSIF20260537C69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20230181","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2023.0181","article-title":"Migratory bats are sensitive to magnetic inclination changes during the compass calibration period","volume":"19","author":"Schneider","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biol. Lett."},{"key":"2026102020210546700_RSIF20260537C70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1007\/s00359-014-0898-y","article-title":"Orientation of migratory birds under ultraviolet light","volume":"200","author":"Wiltschko","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Comp. Physiol. A"},{"key":"2026102020210546700_RSIF20260537C71","first-page":"786","volume-title":"Migration: mechanisms and adaptive significance","author":"Schmidt-Koenig","year":"1985"},{"key":"2026102020210546700_RSIF20260537C72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1007\/s00359-003-0415-1","article-title":"Visual cues used by ball-rolling dung beetles for orientation","volume":"189","author":"Byrne","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Comp. Physiol. A Sensory Neural Behav. Physiol."},{"key":"2026102020210546700_RSIF20260537C73","unstructured":"Franzke\n              M\n            \n          . 2022Keep on track the use of visual cues for orientation in monarch butterflies. PhD thesis, Julius-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t W\u00fcrzburg, Germany. (doi:10.25972\/OPUS-28470)"},{"key":"2026102020210546700_RSIF20260537C74","article-title":"Comparing the orientation strategies of two migratory butterfly species","volume-title":"The 12th RIN Conf. on Animal Navigation","author":"Hanslin","year":"2026"},{"key":"2026102020210546700_RSIF20260537C75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2003.12.034","article-title":"Polarized light helps monarch butterflies navigate","volume":"14","author":"Reppert","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"2026102020210546700_RSIF20260537C76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2399","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.01613","article-title":"Do monarch butterflies use polarized skylight for migratory orientation?","volume":"208","author":"Stalleicken","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2026102020210546700_RSIF20260537C77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1474-919X.1957.tb01947.x","article-title":"Experiments on bird orientation and their interpretation","volume":"99","author":"Kramer","year":"1957","journal-title":"Ibis (Lond. 1859)."},{"key":"2026102020210546700_RSIF20260537C78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2024.11.012","article-title":"Cataglyphis ants have a polarity-sensitive magnetic compass","volume":"34","author":"Grob","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"2026102020210546700_RSIF20260537C79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01139759","article-title":"Magnetic orientation of honeybees in the laboratory","volume":"80","author":"Schmitt","year":"1993","journal-title":"Naturwissenschaften"},{"key":"2026102020210546700_RSIF20260537C80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1007\/s00359-026-01794-5","article-title":"Magnetoreception in Cataglyphis hellenica ants","volume":"212","author":"Tenneriello","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Comp. Physiol. A"},{"key":"2026102020210546700_RSIF20260537C81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"RP109098","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.109098.4","article-title":"Geomagnetic and visual cues guide seasonal migratory orientation in the nocturnal fall armyworm, the world's most invasive insect","volume":"14","author":"Ma","year":"2025","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"2026102020210546700_RSIF20260537C82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-79749-1","volume-title":"Magnetic orientation in animals","author":"Wiltschko","year":"1995"},{"key":"2026102020210546700_RSIF20260537C83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109063","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2024.109063","article-title":"Modular switches shift monarch butterfly migratory flight behavior at their Mexican overwintering sites","volume":"27","author":"Green","year":"2024","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"2026102020210546700_RSIF20260537C84","unstructured":"Landsverk\n              M\n            \n          . 2024The relevance of the Earth's magnetic field as an orientation cue in non-migratory monarch butterflies. Master's thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology. https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/11250\/3146105."},{"key":"2026102020210546700_RSIF20260537C85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12714","article-title":"Migration in butterflies: a global overview","volume":"96","author":"Chowdhury","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biol. Rev."},{"key":"2026102020210546700_RSIF20260537C86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"jeb250957","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.250957","article-title":"The multisensory basis of long-distance migration in monarch butterflies and bogong moths: precision navigation or simply chance?","volume":"229","author":"Warrant","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2026102020210546700_RSIF20260537C87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-443-29068-8.00186-0","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of animal behavior","author":"Fleischmann","year":"2026"},{"key":"2026102020210546700_RSIF20260537C88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2026.103204","article-title":"The sensory and neuronal mechanisms underlying long-distance migration in insects","volume":"98","author":"el Jundi","year":"2026","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"2026102020210546700_RSIF20260537C90","article-title":"Data and code from: Not all butterflies are monarchs: orientation using daytime celestial cues but not magnetic cues in European migratory red admirals (Vanessa atalanta)","author":"Pakhomov","year":"2026"},{"key":"2026102020210546700_RSIF20260537C91","article-title":"Not all butterflies are monarchs: orientation using daytime celestial cues but not magnetic cues in European migratory red admirals (Vanessa atalanta)","author":"Pakhomov","year":"2026"}],"container-title":["Journal of the Royal Society Interface"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/rsif\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1098\/rsif.2026.0537\/6171900\/rsif.2026.0537.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/rsif\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1098\/rsif.2026.0537\/6171900\/rsif.2026.0537.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T00:21:24Z","timestamp":1792542084000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/rsif\/article\/23\/243\/20260537\/483757\/Not-all-butterflies-are-monarchs-orientation-using"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"references-count":90,"journal-issue":{"issue":"243","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsif.2026.0537","relation":{},"ISSN":["1742-5662"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1742-5662","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"article-number":"20260537"}}