{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T23:36:55Z","timestamp":1790033815207,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,1]],"date-time":"2015-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1448928000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/journals\/ethics-policies\/data-sharing-mining\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000781","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FP7\/2007-2013, grant 260729 EndoSexDet"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FP7\/2007-2013, grant 260729 EndoSexDet"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["royalsocietypublishing.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Open Biol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            <jats:italic>Wolbachia pipientis<\/jats:italic>\n            is possibly the most widespread endosymbiont of arthropods and nematodes. While all\n            <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n            strains have historically been defined as a single species, 16 monophyletic clusters of diversity (called supergroups) have been described. Different supergroups have distinct host ranges and symbiotic relationships, ranging from mutualism to reproductive manipulation. In filarial nematodes, which include parasites responsible for major diseases of humans (such as\n            <jats:italic>Onchocerca volvulus<\/jats:italic>\n            , agent of river blindness) and companion animals (\n            <jats:italic>Dirofilaria immitis,<\/jats:italic>\n            the dog heartworm),\n            <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n            has an obligate mutualist role and is the target of new treatment regimens. Here, we compare the genomes of eight\n            <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n            strains, spanning the diversity of the major supergroups (A\u2013F), analysing synteny, transposable element content, GC skew and gene loss or gain. We detected genomic features that differ between\n            <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n            supergroups, most notably in the C and D clades from filarial nematodes. In particular, strains from supergroup C (symbionts of\n            <jats:italic>O. volvulus<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>D. immitis<\/jats:italic>\n            ) present a pattern of GC skew, conserved synteny and lack of transposable elements, unique in the\n            <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n            genus. These features could be the consequence of a distinct symbiotic relationship between C\n            <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n            strains and their hosts, highlighting underappreciated differences between the mutualistic supergroups found within filarial nematodes.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsob.150099","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,3]],"date-time":"2015-12-03T10:07:55Z","timestamp":1449137275000},"page":"150099","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Supergroup C\n            <i>Wolbachia<\/i>\n            , mutualist symbionts of filarial nematodes, have a distinct genome structure"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Francesco","family":"Comandatore","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie e Sanit\u00e0 Pubblica (DIVET), Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy"},{"name":"Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Cordaux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7267 Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Equipe Ecologie Evolution Symbiose, Poitiers, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudio","family":"Bandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie e Sanit\u00e0 Pubblica (DIVET), Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Blaxter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, The School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3TF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alistair","family":"Darby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Integrative Biology and the Centre for Genomic Research, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin L.","family":"Makepeace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Montagna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davide","family":"Sassera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1998.0591"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1969"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000022666"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.64515-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1995.0117"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msn243"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0028695"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.12.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gbe\/evt125"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1409284111"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms6117"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.65248-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.syapm.2015.05.005","article-title":"Species in Wolbachia? Proposal for the designation of \u2018Candidatus Wolbachia bourtzisii\u2019, \u2018Candidatus Wolbachia onchocercicola\u2019, \u2018Candidatus Wolbachia blaxteri\u2019, \u2018Candidatus Wolbachia brugii\u2019, \u2018Candidatus Wolbachia taylori\u2019, \u2018Candidatus Wolbachia collembolicola\u2019 and \u2018Candidatus Wolbachia multihospitum\u2019 for the different species within Wolbachia supergroups","volume":"38","author":"Ram\u00edrez-Puebla ST","year":"2015","journal-title":"Syst. Appl. 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