{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T07:25:09Z","timestamp":1778225109679,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,1]],"date-time":"2018-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1519862400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/journals\/ethics-policies\/data-sharing-mining\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Wi 1824\/5-1, Kr 1477\/14-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Wi 1824\/5-1, Kr 1477\/14-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["royalsocietypublishing.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Open Biol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The optic fissure is a transient gap in the developing vertebrate eye, which must be closed as development proceeds. A persisting optic fissure, coloboma, is a major cause for blindness in children. Although many genes have been linked to coloboma, the process of optic fissure fusion is still little appreciated, especially on a molecular level. We identified a coloboma in mice with a targeted inactivation of transforming growth factor \u03b22 (TGF\u03b22). Notably, here the optic fissure margins must have touched, however failed to fuse. Transcriptomic analyses indicated an effect on remodelling of the extracellular matrix (ECM) as an underlying mechanism. TGF\u03b2 signalling is well known for its effect on ECM remodelling, but it is at the same time often inhibited by bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signalling. Notably, we also identified two BMP antagonists among the downregulated genes. For further functional analyses we made use of zebrafish, in which we found TGF\u03b2 ligands expressed in the developing eye, and the ligand binding receptor in the optic fissure margins where we also found active TGF\u03b2 signalling and, notably, also gremlin 2b (\n                    <jats:italic>grem2b<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and follistatin a (\n                    <jats:italic>fsta<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), homologues of the regulated BMP antagonists. We hypothesized that TGF\u03b2 is locally inducing expression of BMP antagonists within the margins to relieve the inhibition from its regulatory capacity regarding ECM remodelling. We tested our hypothesis and found that induced BMP expression is sufficient to inhibit optic fissure fusion, resulting in coloboma. Our findings can likely be applied also to other fusion processes, especially when TGF\u03b2 signalling or BMP antagonism is involved, as in fusion processes during orofacial development.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsob.170134","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,28]],"date-time":"2018-03-28T03:30:41Z","timestamp":1522207841000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["TGF\u03b2-facilitated optic fissure fusion and the role of bone morphogenetic protein antagonism"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Max D.","family":"Knickmeyer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Embryology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg D-79104, Germany"},{"name":"Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestrasse 1, Freiburg D-79104, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juan L.","family":"Mateo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Inform\u00e1tica, Universidad de Oviedo, Jes\u00fas Arias de Velasco, Oviedo 33005, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Priska","family":"Eckert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Embryology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg D-79104, Germany"},{"name":"Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestrasse 1, Freiburg D-79104, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eleni","family":"Roussa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Embryology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg D-79104, 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