{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T01:33:41Z","timestamp":1772156021441,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757289600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1438,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757289600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1438,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757289600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1438,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633046400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/journals\/ethics-policies\/data-sharing-mining\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["royalsocietypublishing.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The etiopathogenesis of COVID-19 and its differential geographic spread suggest some populations are apparently \u2018less affected\u2019 through many host-related factors that involve angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) protein, which is also the entry receptor for SARS-CoV-2. The role of ACE2 has been well studied in COVID-19 but not in the context of malaria and COVID-19. We have previously suggested how malaria might intersect with COVID-19 through ACE2 mutation and here we evaluate the currently available data that could provide a link between the two diseases. Based on the existing global and Indian data on malaria, COVID-19 and the suggested ACE2 mutation, the association could not be examined robustly, neither accepting nor refuting the suggested hypothesis. We strongly recommend targeted evaluation of this hypothesis through carefully designed robust molecular epidemiological studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsob.210213","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,12]],"date-time":"2021-10-12T20:04:29Z","timestamp":1634069069000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Malaria, COVID-19 and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2: what does the available population data say?"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8082-7862","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"A.","family":"De","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"New Delhi, India","department":["ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research,"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6987-7239","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"M.","family":"Dash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New Delhi, India","department":["ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research,"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0663-3362","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"A.","family":"Tiwari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New Delhi, India","department":["ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research,"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1900-7686","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"A.","family":"Sinha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New Delhi, India","department":["ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research,"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026010716374516700_RSOB210213C1","author":"WHO","year":"2021"},{"key":"2026010716374516700_RSOB210213C2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2016.81","article-title":"SARS and MERS: recent insights into emerging coronaviruses","volume":"14","author":"De Wit","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"2026010716374516700_RSOB210213C3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp2000929","article-title":"A novel coronavirus emerging in China: key questions for impact assessment","volume":"382","author":"Munster","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"2026010716374516700_RSOB210213C4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0242128","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0242128","article-title":"Reproductive number of coronavirus: a systematic review and meta-analysis based on global level evidence","volume":"15","author":"Billah","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2026010716374516700_RSOB210213C5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2004.08.008","article-title":"Cellular entry of the SARS coronavirus","volume":"12","author":"Hofmann","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"2026010716374516700_RSOB210213C6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.058","article-title":"Structure, function, and antigenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike glycoprotein","volume":"181","author":"Walls","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2026010716374516700_RSOB210213C7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb2762","article-title":"Structural basis for the recognition of SARS-CoV-2 by full-length human ACE2","volume":"367","author":"Yan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026010716374516700_RSOB210213C8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.87.5.e1","article-title":"A novel angiotensin-converting enzyme-related carboxypeptidase (ACE2) converts angiotensin i to angiotensin 1\u20139","volume":"87","author":"Donoghue","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"2026010716374516700_RSOB210213C9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.108.189068","article-title":"The angiotensin converting enzyme 2\/Ang-(1\u20137) axis in the heart: A role for mas communication?","volume":"103","author":"Stewart","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"2026010716374516700_RSOB210213C10","first-page":"2654","article-title":"The influence of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 gene polymorphisms on type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary heart disease","volume":"17","author":"Chaoxin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"2026010716374516700_RSOB210213C11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1038\/s41440-018-0166-6","article-title":"Association of ACE2 genetic polymorphisms with hypertension-related target organ damages in south Xinjiang","volume":"42","author":"Luo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hypertens. Res."},{"key":"2026010716374516700_RSOB210213C12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e22033","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.22033","article-title":"The ACE2 G8790A Polymorphism: involvement in Type 2 diabetes mellitus combined with cerebral stroke","volume":"31","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Lab. Anal."},{"key":"2026010716374516700_RSOB210213C13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2014.00227","article-title":"From gene to protein-experimental and clinical studies of ACE2 in blood pressure control and arterial hypertension","volume":"5","author":"Patel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"2026010716374516700_RSOB210213C14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/genes11091044","article-title":"Genetic hypothesis and pharmacogenetics side of renin-angiotensin-system in COVID-19","volume":"11","author":"Gemmati","year":"2020","journal-title":"Genes (Basel)"},{"key":"2026010716374516700_RSOB210213C15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21103474","article-title":"COVID-19 and individual genetic susceptibility\/receptivity: role of ACE1\/ACE2 genes, immunity, inflammation and coagulation. Might the double x-chromosome in females be protective against SARS-COV-2 compared to the single x-chromosome in males?","volume":"21","author":"Gemmati","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"2026010716374516700_RSOB210213C16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104801","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2021.104801","article-title":"Impact of I\/D polymorphism of angiotensin-converting enzyme 1 (ACE1) gene on the severity of COVID-19 patients","volume":"91","author":"Verma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect Genet. Evol."},{"key":"2026010716374516700_RSOB210213C17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI114844","article-title":"An insertion\/deletion polymorphism in the angiotensin i-converting enzyme gene accounting for half the variance of serum enzyme levels","volume":"86","author":"Rigat","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investigation"},{"key":"2026010716374516700_RSOB210213C18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1038\/s41397-018-0020-x","article-title":"The angiotensin-I-converting enzyme insertion\/deletion in polymorphic element codes for an AluYa5 RNA that downregulates gene expression","volume":"18","author":"Mafra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmacogenomics J."},{"key":"2026010716374516700_RSOB210213C19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.34040\/IJCB.4.2.2015.61","article-title":"Alteration of splicing pattern on angiotensin converting enzyme gene due to the insertion of Alu elements","volume":"4","author":"Purwaningroom","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Biol."},{"key":"2026010716374516700_RSOB210213C20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e17174","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0017174","article-title":"Impairment of the Plasmodium falciparum erythrocytic cycle induced by angiotensin peptides","volume":"6","author":"Saraiva","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2026010716374516700_RSOB210213C21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2010.01.009","article-title":"Gene polymorphisms in angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE I\/D) and angiotensin II converting enzyme (ACE2 C(T) protect against cerebral malaria in Indian adults","volume":"10","author":"Dhangadamajhi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Infect Genet. Evol."},{"key":"2026010716374516700_RSOB210213C22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.02.053","article-title":"Soluble ACE2-mediated cell entry of SARS-CoV-2 via interaction with proteins related to the renin-angiotensin system","volume":"184","author":"Yeung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2026010716374516700_RSOB210213C23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1186\/s13578-020-00519-8","article-title":"ACE2: the molecular doorway to SARS-CoV-2","volume":"10","author":"Medina-Enr\u00edquez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Biosci."},{"key":"2026010716374516700_RSOB210213C24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1864","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1116480","article-title":"Structure of SARS coronavirus spike receptor-binding domain complexed with receptor","volume":"309","author":"Li","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026010716374516700_RSOB210213C25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb2507","article-title":"Cryo-EM structure of the 2019-nCoV spike in the prefusion conformation","volume":"367","author":"Wrapp","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026010716374516700_RSOB210213C26","first-page":"1","article-title":"The origin, transmission and clinical therapies on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak: an update on the status","volume":"7","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mil. Med. Res."},{"key":"2026010716374516700_RSOB210213C27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9040982","article-title":"Master regulator analysis of the SARS-CoV-2\/human interactome","volume":"9","author":"Guzzi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"2026010716374516700_RSOB210213C28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-020-05985-9","article-title":"Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as a SARS-CoV-2 receptor: molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutic target","volume":"46","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"2026010716374516700_RSOB210213C29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7809","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0711241105","article-title":"Modulation of TNF-\u03b1-converting enzyme by the spike protein of SARS-CoV and ACE2 induces TNF-\u03b1 production and facilitates viral entry","volume":"105","author":"Haga","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2026010716374516700_RSOB210213C30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1267","article-title":"A crucial role of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in SARS coronavirus-induced lung injury","volume":"11","author":"Kuba","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"2026010716374516700_RSOB210213C31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2605","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.510461","article-title":"Effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition and angiotensin II receptor blockers on cardiac angiotensin-converting enzyme 2","volume":"111","author":"Ferrario","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026010716374516700_RSOB210213C32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1291\/hypres.31.553","article-title":"Increased expression of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 in conjunction with reduction of neointima by angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockade","volume":"31","author":"Igase","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hypertens. Res."},{"key":"2026010716374516700_RSOB210213C33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-020-02903-9","article-title":"Letter to the editor: the role of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers in developing a COVID-19 comorbidity-based host risk score","volume":"24","author":"Vavougios","year":"2020","journal-title":"Critical care (London, England)"},{"key":"2026010716374516700_RSOB210213C34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000244543.91937.79","article-title":"Circulating activities of angiotensin-converting enzyme, its homolog, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, and neprilysin in a family study","volume":"48","author":"Rice","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2026010716374516700_RSOB210213C35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.2337\/dc20-0643","article-title":"Exploring diseases\/traits and blood proteins causally related to expression of ACE2, the putative receptor of SARS-CoV-2: a mendelian randomization analysis highlights tentative relevance of diabetes-related traits","volume":"43","author":"Rao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2026010716374516700_RSOB210213C36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnaa011","article-title":"Coronavirus infections and type 2 diabetes-shared pathways with therapeutic implications","volume":"41","author":"Drucker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"2026010716374516700_RSOB210213C37","author":"Cai","year":"2020"},{"key":"2026010716374516700_RSOB210213C38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2427","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.8707","article-title":"Nasal gene expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in children and adults","volume":"323","author":"Bunyavanich","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026010716374516700_RSOB210213C39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1810","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa373","article-title":"Circulating plasma concentrations of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in men and women with heart failure and effects of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone inhibitors","volume":"41","author":"Sama","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"2026010716374516700_RSOB210213C40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30116-8","article-title":"Are patients with hypertension and diabetes mellitus at increased risk for COVID-19 infection?","volume":"8","author":"Fang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"2026010716374516700_RSOB210213C41","first-page":"1","article-title":"Association between circulating levels of ACE2-Ang-(1\u20137)-MAS axis and ACE2 gene polymorphisms in hypertensive patients","volume":"95","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med (United States)"},{"key":"2026010716374516700_RSOB210213C42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpt.12625","article-title":"Relationship between genetic variants of ACE2 gene and circulating levels of ACE2 and its metabolites","volume":"43","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pharm. Ther."},{"key":"2026010716374516700_RSOB210213C43","author":"Zhao","year":"2020"},{"key":"2026010716374516700_RSOB210213C44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1007\/s13577-021-00489-0","article-title":"ACE2 mutation might explain lower COVID-19 burden in malaria endemic areas","volume":"34","author":"De","year":"2021","journal-title":"Human Cell"},{"key":"2026010716374516700_RSOB210213C45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2014.00121","article-title":"Malaria and hypertension. Another co-evolutionary adaptation?","volume":"4","author":"Gallego-Delgado","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Cell Infect Microbiol."},{"key":"2026010716374516700_RSOB210213C46","article-title":"Evolutionary trilogy of malaria, angiotensin II and hypertension: deeper insights and the way forward","author":"De","journal-title":"J. Hum. Hypertens."},{"key":"2026010716374516700_RSOB210213C47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsr2005760","article-title":"Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors in patients with Covid-19","volume":"382","author":"Vaduganathan","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"2026010716374516700_RSOB210213C48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtm.2020.06.017","article-title":"The two faces of ACE2: the role of ACE2 receptor and its polymorphisms in hypertension and COVID-19","volume":"18","author":"Bosso","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Ther. Methods Clin. Dev."},{"key":"2026010716374516700_RSOB210213C49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2020.00206","article-title":"COVID-19 infection and circulating ACE2 levels: protective role in women and children","volume":"8","author":"Ciaglia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Pediatr."},{"key":"2026010716374516700_RSOB210213C50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/s43042-020-00099-9","article-title":"COVID-19 susceptibility: potential of ACE2 polymorphisms","volume":"21","author":"Chaudhary","year":"2020","journal-title":"Egypt J. Med. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"2026010716374516700_RSOB210213C51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.3343\/alm.2021.41.2.129","article-title":"Role of genetic variants and gene expression in the susceptibility and severity of COVID-19","volume":"41","author":"Choudhary","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Lab. Med."},{"key":"2026010716374516700_RSOB210213C52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13168","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.13168","article-title":"Individual variation of the SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2 gene expression and regulation","volume":"19","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"2026010716374516700_RSOB210213C53","first-page":"2","article-title":"Individual variation of the SARS-CoV2 receptor ACE2 gene expression and regulation","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"2026010716374516700_RSOB210213C54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1038\/nature15393","article-title":"A global reference for human genetic variation","volume":"526","author":"Auton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026010716374516700_RSOB210213C55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.309602","article-title":"The high blood pressure-malaria protection hypothesis","volume":"119","author":"Gallego-Delgado","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"2026010716374516700_RSOB210213C56","first-page":"D1225","article-title":"IndiGenomes: a comprehensive resource of genetic variants from over 1000 Indian genomes","volume":"49","author":"Jain","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"2026010716374516700_RSOB210213C57","author":"United Nations Development Programme","year":"2017"},{"key":"2026010716374516700_RSOB210213C58","author":"Investigation","year":"2013"},{"key":"2026010716374516700_RSOB210213C59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31919-5","article-title":"Worldwide trends in blood pressure from 1975 to 2015: a pooled analysis of 1479 population-based measurement studies with 19\u00b71 million participants","volume":"389","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026010716374516700_RSOB210213C60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-019-0244-2","article-title":"The global epidemiology of hypertension","volume":"16","author":"Mills","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"2026010716374516700_RSOB210213C61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e270","DOI":"10.1097\/01.hjh.0000747548.51163.ba","article-title":"Differences in hypertension phenotypes between Africans and Europeans: role of environment","volume":"39","author":"Faconti","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"2026010716374516700_RSOB210213C62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.018912","article-title":"Global disparities of hypertension prevalence and control: a systematic analysis of population-based studies from 90 countries","volume":"134","author":"Mills","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026010716374516700_RSOB210213C63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.650231","article-title":"How genetics might explain the unusual link between malaria and COVID-19","volume":"8","author":"Rusmini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"2026010716374516700_RSOB210213C64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2020.145102","article-title":"Angiotensin-converting enzymes (ACE, ACE2) gene variants and COVID-19 outcome","volume":"762","author":"G\u00f3mez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"2026010716374516700_RSOB210213C65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2004.035436","article-title":"ACE2 gene polymorphisms do not affect outcome of severe acute respiratory syndrome","volume":"50","author":"Chiu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"2026010716374516700_RSOB210213C66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6915e3","article-title":"Hospitalization rates and characteristics of patients hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed coronavirus disease 2019","volume":"69","author":"Garg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Morbidity Mortality Weekly Rep."},{"key":"2026010716374516700_RSOB210213C67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(03)00806-5","article-title":"Antiviral effects of chloroquine effects of chloroquine on viral infections: an old drug against today's diseases\u202f?","volume":"3","author":"Savarino","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026010716374516700_RSOB210213C68","first-page":"1138","article-title":"Global spread of coronavirus disease 2019 and malaria: an epidemiological paradox in the early stage of a pandemic","volume":"9","author":"Napoli","year":"2020","journal-title":"SSRN Electron J."}],"container-title":["Open Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rsob.210213","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1098\/rsob.210213","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/rsob\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1098\/rsob.210213\/933102\/rsob.210213.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/rsob\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1098\/rsob.210213\/933102\/rsob.210213.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T21:38:00Z","timestamp":1767821880000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/rsob\/article\/11\/10\/210213\/90936\/Malaria-COVID-19-and-angiotensin-converting-enzyme"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsob.210213","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSOB.210213\/v3\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSOB.210213\/v3\/response1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSOB.210213\/v2\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSOB.210213\/v1\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSOB.210213\/v1\/review2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSOB.210213\/v2\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSOB.210213\/v1\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSOB.210213\/v1\/review3","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2046-2441"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2046-2441","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-07-20","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-08-25","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-10-13","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"210213"}}