{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T12:21:05Z","timestamp":1784809265494,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]],"date-time":"2022-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654041600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/journals\/ethics-policies\/data-sharing-mining\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003246","name":"Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["OCENW.XS.041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OCENW.XS.041"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003246","name":"Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["VI.C.192.002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VI.C.192.002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["royalsocietypublishing.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Open Biol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Phages are highly abundant in the environment and pose a major threat for bacteria. Therefore, bacteria have evolved sophisticated defence systems to withstand phage attacks. Here, we describe a previously unknown mechanism by which mono- and diderm bacteria survive infection with diverse lytic phages. Phage exposure leads to a rapid and near-complete conversion of walled cells to a cell-wall-deficient state, which remains viable in osmoprotective conditions and can revert to the walled state. While shedding the cell wall dramatically reduces the number of progeny phages produced by the host, it does not always preclude phage infection. Altogether, these results show that the formation of cell-wall-deficient cells prevents complete eradication of the bacterial population and suggest that cell wall deficiency may potentially limit the efficacy of phage therapy, especially in highly osmotic environments or when used together with antibiotics that target the cell wall.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsob.210379","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,8]],"date-time":"2022-06-08T03:05:19Z","timestamp":1654657519000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Reversible bacteriophage resistance by shedding the bacterial cell wall"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4200-7142","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V\u00e9ronique","family":"Ongenae","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9505, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Centre for Microbial Cell Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam Sidi","family":"Mabrouk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9505, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Centre for Microbial Cell Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marjolein","family":"Crooijmans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9505, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Centre for Microbial Cell Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Rozen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9505, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3733-3725","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ariane","family":"Briegel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9505, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Centre for Microbial Cell Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0789-2633","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dennis","family":"Claessen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9505, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Centre for Microbial Cell Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro3564"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jb\/mvaa080"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2008.06205.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkt1419"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2018.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.11.032"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johnson CM Harden MM Grossman AD. 2020 An integrative and conjugative element encodes an abortive infection system to protect host cells from predation by a bacteriophage.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.12.13.422588"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-virology-011620-040628"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-019-0299-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2020.09.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0149533"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2005.06.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01361-21"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-017-0061-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2019.01.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.71.8.4872-4874.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-76-1-163"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkx932"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-07560-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_21_2","first-page":"291","volume-title":"Practical streptomyces genetics","author":"Kieser T","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kieser T, Bibb MJ, Buttner MJ, Chater KF, Hopwood DA. 2000 Practical streptomyces genetics, p. 291."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_22_2","first-page":"115","article-title":"Temperate phages of Streptomyces venezuelae: lysogeny and host specificity shown by phages SV1 and SV2","volume":"128","author":"Stuttard C","year":"1982","unstructured":"Stuttard C. 1982 Temperate phages of Streptomyces venezuelae: lysogeny and host specificity shown by phages SV1 and SV2. J. Gen. Microbiol. 128, 115-121. (doi:10.1099\/00221287-128-1-115)","journal-title":"J. Gen. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.1896"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jsbi.1996.0013"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-018-0142-9","article-title":"Living without the cell wall","volume":"17","author":"Du Toit A","year":"2019","unstructured":"Du Toit A. 2019 Living without the cell wall. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 17, 65. (doi:10.1038\/s41579-018-0142-9)","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.ampbs.2019.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.078295-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2148-4-44"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/17.20.6096"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1134\/S0006297921040064"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1134\/S0006297921030081"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsob.120143"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-00492-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Germano F Testi D Campagnolo L Scimeca M Arcuri C. 2020 Cell-wall-deficient bacteria in oral biofilm: association with periodontitis. medRxiv .","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.07.13.20120428"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_35_2","unstructured":"Grosboillot V. 2021 Revertant Listeria monocytogenes and conditions for their persistence as intracellular L-forms. See https:\/\/www.research-collection.ethz.ch\/handle\/20.500.11850\/490596?show=full."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_36_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Possible role of L-form switching in recurrent urinary tract infection","volume":"10","author":"Mickiewicz KM","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mickiewicz KM et al. 2019 Possible role of L-form switching in recurrent urinary tract infection. Nat. Commun. 10, 1-9.","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_37_2","first-page":"59","article-title":"Methods for the establishment of intracellular associations of L-forms with higher plants","volume":"71","author":"Paton AM","year":"1991","unstructured":"Paton AM, Innes CMJ. 1991 Methods for the establishment of intracellular associations of L-forms with higher plants. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 71, 59-64. (doi:10.1111\/j.1365-2672.1991.tb04663.x)","journal-title":"J. Appl. Bacteriol."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.201411296"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.58.6.2377"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsb.2016.07.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.21.3.1223-1227.1977"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mbo3.384"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petrovic Fabijan A Kamruzzaman M Martinez-Martin D Venturini C Mickiewicz K Flores-Rodriguez N Errington J Iredell JR. 2021 L-form switching confers antibiotic phage and stress tolerance in pathogenic Escherichia coli . bioRxiv. 2021:.06.21.449206.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.06.21.449206"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ongenae V Mabrouk AS Crooijmans M Rozen D Briegel A Claessen D. 2022 Reversible bacteriophage resistance by shedding the bacterial cell wall. Figshare . (doi:10.6084\/m9.figshare.c.6006296)","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.11.17.468999"}],"container-title":["Open Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rsob.210379","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1098\/rsob.210379","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rsob.210379","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,30]],"date-time":"2022-12-30T12:16:31Z","timestamp":1672402591000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/10.1098\/rsob.210379"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1098\/rsob.210379"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsob.210379","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSOB.210379\/v1\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSOB.210379\/v2\/response1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSOB.210379\/v2\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSOB.210379\/v2\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSOB.210379\/v1\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"}],"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2021.11.17.468999","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2046-2441"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2046-2441","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-12-15","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-04-26","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-06-08","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"210379"}}