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It has been used as an antitussive and potent analgesic to alleviate mild to extreme pain since ancient times. The extraction of pharmaceutically important alkaloids like morphine and codeine from poppy plant reflects the need for the most suitable and standard methods. Several analytical and extraction techniques have been reported in open literature for morphine, codeine and other important alkaloids which play a vital function in drug development and drug discovery. Many studies suggest that opioids are also responsible for adverse effects or secondary complications like dependence and withdrawal. In recent years, opium consumption and addiction are the most important risk factors. Many evidence-based reviews suggest that opium consumption is directly linked or acts as a risk factor for different cancers. In this review, we highlight significant efforts related to research which have been done over the past 5 decades and the complete information on\n                    <jats:italic>Papaver somniferum<\/jats:italic>\n                    including its phytochemistry, pharmacological actions, biosynthetic pathways and analytical techniques of opium alkaloid extraction and the link between opium consumption and cancer-related updates.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsob.220355","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,3]],"date-time":"2023-05-03T03:05:35Z","timestamp":1683083135000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Opium alkaloids, biosynthesis, pharmacology and association with cancer occurrence"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0180-3628","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agrataben","family":"Vadhel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7569-7987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabreen","family":"Bashir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3240-6852","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashiq Hussain","family":"Mir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5857-1437","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Madhuri","family":"Girdhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6358-2453","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deepak","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of chemical engineering and Physical sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8785-6033","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anil","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gene Regulation Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi 110067, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4467-4659","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aradhana","family":"Mohan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8332-7927","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tabarak","family":"Malik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health, Jimma University 00000, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8314-0425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anand","family":"Mohan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2005.04.029"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100085-4.00006-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.79.2.499"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0405704101"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2017.08.045"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40122-017-0068-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_8_2","volume-title":"Opium: historical note: or, The poppy in China","author":"Edkins J","year":"1898","unstructured":"Edkins J. 1898 Opium: historical note: or, The poppy in China. 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