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It is caused by the bacterium\n                    <jats:italic>Mycobacterium ulcerans<\/jats:italic>\n                    and is characterized by skin lesions. Several studies were performed testing the Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) vaccine in human and animal models and\n                    <jats:italic>M. ulcerans-<\/jats:italic>\n                    specific vaccines in animal models. However, there are currently no clinically accepted vaccines to prevent\n                    <jats:italic>M. ulcerans<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection. The aim of this study was to identify T-cell and B-cell epitopes from the mycobacterial membrane protein large (MmpL) proteins of\n                    <jats:italic>M. ulcerans.<\/jats:italic>\n                    These epitopes were analysed for properties including antigenicity, immunogenicity, non-allergenicity, non-toxicity, population coverage and the potential to induce cytokines. The final 8 CD8\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    , 12 CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T-cell and 5 B-cell epitopes were antigenic, non-allergenic and non-toxic. The estimated global population coverage of the CD8\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    and CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    epitopes was 97.71%. These epitopes were used to construct five multi-epitope vaccine constructs with different adjuvants and linker combinations. The constructs underwent further structural analyses and refinement. The constructs were then docked with Toll-like receptors. Three of the successfully docked complexes were structurally analysed. Two of the docked complexes successfully underwent molecular dynamics simulations (MDS) and post-MDS analysis. The complexes generated were found to be stable. However, experimental validation of the complexes is required.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsob.230330","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,7]],"date-time":"2023-11-07T19:05:26Z","timestamp":1699383926000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Multi-epitope vaccine candidates based on mycobacterial membrane protein large (MmpL) proteins against\n                    <i>Mycobacterium ulcerans<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0887-9251","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tamara Z.","family":"Ishwarlall","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4495-0644","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Victoria T.","family":"Adeleke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Mangosuthu University of Technology, Umlazi, Durban, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4868-132X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leah","family":"Maharaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8337-6294","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moses","family":"Okpeku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2421-1382","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adebayo A.","family":"Adeniyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Industrial Chemistry, Federal University Oye Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3271-8442","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew A.","family":"Adeleke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_8_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.02.030"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2011.05.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2015.1086"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2020.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2014.01.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13577-021-00512-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.039180-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/emmm.201403876"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02315"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ddr.21049"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/inthealth\/ihv002"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ddr.21048"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2022.120660"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_15_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 2022 Buruli ulcer (Mycobacterium ulcerans infection) fact sheet. 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