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Here we show that the three PDFs of the tardigrade\n                    <jats:italic>Hypsibius exemplaris<\/jats:italic>\n                    are co-localized in two pairs of inner lobe cells in the brain, whereas only one PDF occurs in four additional cerebral and two extracerebral cells. The axons of the inner lobe cells pass through the contralateral brain hemisphere, descend to the ventral nerve cord and terminate in two pairs of potential release sites in the posteriormost trunk ganglion. Using\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    assays, we demonstrate that all three PDFs and their deorphanized receptor (PDFR) are functional. Widespread localization of PDFR suggests that tardigrade PDFs may act as multifunctional hormones and neuromodulators that control major functions including light detection, neural processing, locomotion, feeding, digestion, osmoregulation, growth, embryonic development and oogenesis\/reproduction.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsob.240242","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]],"date-time":"2025-03-04T19:06:01Z","timestamp":1741115161000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Pigment-dispersing factor neuropeptides act as multifunctional hormones and modulators in tardigrades"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-1533-7717","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Soumi","family":"Dutta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, University of Kassel","place":["Kassel, Germany"]},{"name":"Graduate 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