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Here, we first aimed to further develop a simple protocol for reliable inland culture of tunicate model species of the\n                    <jats:italic>Ciona<\/jats:italic>\n                    genus. We cultured both\n                    <jats:italic>Ciona robusta<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Ciona intestinalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    in controlled experimental conditions, with a focus on dietary variables, and quantified growth and maturation parameters. From statistical analysis of these standardized datasets, we gained insights into the post-embryonic developmental physiology of\n                    <jats:italic>Ciona<\/jats:italic>\n                    and inferred an improved diet and culturing conditions for sexual maturation. We showed that body length is a critical determinant of both somatic and sexual maturation, which suggests the existence of systemic control mechanisms of resource allocation towards somatic growth or maturation and supports applying size selection as a predictor of reproductive fitness in our inland culture to keep the healthiest animals at low density in the system. In the end, we successfully established a new protocol, including size selection, to promote both sperm and egg production. Our protocol using small tanks will empower researchers to initiate inland\n                    <jats:italic>Ciona<\/jats:italic>\n                    cultures with low costs and reduced space constraints.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsob.240340","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,14]],"date-time":"2025-01-14T19:05:22Z","timestamp":1736881522000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A simple inland culture system provides insights into ascidian post-embryonic developmental physiology"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Birthe Thuesen","family":"Mathiesen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Michael Sars Centre, University of Bergen","place":["Bergen, Norway"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mayu","family":"Ohta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Michael Sars Centre, University of Bergen","place":["Bergen, Norway"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Boris Pinto De","family":"Magalhaes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Michael Sars Centre, University of Bergen","place":["Bergen, Norway"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Castelletti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Michael Sars Centre, University of Bergen","place":["Bergen, Norway"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Perria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Michael Sars Centre, University of Bergen","place":["Bergen, Norway"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Keaton","family":"Schuster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Developmental Genetics, Department of Biology, New York University","place":["New York, USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lionel","family":"Christiaen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Michael Sars Centre, University of Bergen","place":["Bergen, Norway"]},{"name":"Center for Developmental Genetics, Department of Biology, New York University","place":["New York, USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7495-7655","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Naoyuki","family":"Ohta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Michael Sars Centre, University of Bergen","place":["Bergen, Norway"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.218198"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-023-05458-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg1042"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.048975"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.112.140590"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002270050289"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S175526720900116X"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jzs.12101"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/719476"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1080049"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.128.15.2893"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1119(01)00826-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gene.10119"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2108\/zsj.22.837"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2108\/zs210102"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.21188"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-73544-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.108175.110"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkq1144"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_21_2","first-page":"D668","article-title":"ANISEED 2019: 4D exploration of genetic data for an extended range of tunicates","volume":"48","author":"Dardaillon J","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dardaillon J et al. 2020 ANISEED 2019: 4D exploration of genetic data for an extended range of tunicates. 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