{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T19:46:21Z","timestamp":1777405581116,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"EPSRC","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000275","name":"Leverhulme Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000275","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["royalsocietypublishing.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Open Biol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                    , a commensal fungal pathogen, is a leading cause of opportunistic infections in immunocompromised individuals. High-resolution imaging of its cellular architecture is essential for uncovering pathogenic mechanisms and identifying antifungal targets. Here, we applied live-cell stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy to visualize subcellular structures in\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                    with nanoscale precision. We found that fluorophores commonly used for STED imaging in mammalian cells were ineffective in\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                    . In contrast, Nile Red enabled robust labelling of dynamic lipid-rich structures, including lipid droplets and intracellular membranes, with sufficient signal for long-term imaging. Using Nile Red with STED microscopy, we achieved over threefold improvement in lateral resolution (approx. 85 nm) compared to confocal microscopy, with minimal photobleaching even during continuous time-lapse acquisition over 8 h. Notably, dynamic tracking of lipid droplets revealed heterogeneous mobility patterns across individual cells, suggesting functional compartmentalization. Our findings establish STED microscopy with Nile Red staining as a powerful approach for visualizing dynamic ultrastructure in live fungal cells, expanding the toolkit for high-resolution fungal cell biology and offering new avenues for studying fungal pathogenesis and antifungal action at the nanoscale.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsob.250031","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T23:06:18Z","timestamp":1761087978000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Revealing the ultrastructure of live\n                    <i>Candida albicans<\/i>\n                    using stimulated emission depletion microscopy"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Katherine J.","family":"Baxter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde","place":["Glasgow, UK"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2237-501X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Liam Mark","family":"Rooney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde","place":["Glasgow, UK"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shannan","family":"Foylan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde","place":["Glasgow, UK"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6571-2875","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gwyn W.","family":"Gould","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde","place":["Glasgow, UK"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7213-0686","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gail","family":"McConnell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde","place":["Glasgow, UK"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.000499"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01351"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb-2020-0113"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(98)70481-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2018.26"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2711"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcsw.2020.100047"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2016.01.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9040704"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.E15-06-0355"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1127344"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2021.12.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/micmic\/ozad067.1087"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.100.3.965"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-45524-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JRPROC.1949.232969"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2019"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_19_2","article-title":"Sample drift correction following 4D confocal time-lapse imaging","author":"Parslow A","year":"2014","unstructured":"Parslow A, Cardona A, Bryson-Richardson RJ. 2014 Sample drift correction following 4D confocal time-lapse imaging. J. Vis. Exp. e51086. (doi:10.3791\/51086)","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:VLSI.0000028532.53893.82"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-019-0515-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymeth.2016.09.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-022-01507-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.1237"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-96093-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2015.04.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13068-015-0220-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2192-2853-1-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cplett.2009.06.088"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/19.15.4298"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.8b04385"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e02-01-0013"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-20781-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_34_2","article-title":"Extracellular vesicle production: a bidirectional effect in the interplay between host and Candida fungi","volume":"7","author":"Kulig K","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kulig K, Rapala-Kozik M, Karkowska-Kuleta J. 2024 Extracellular vesicle production: a bidirectional effect in the interplay between host and Candida fungi. Curr. Res. Microb. Sci. 7, 100255. (doi:10.1016\/j.crmicr.2024.100255)","journal-title":"Curr. Res. Microb. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2008.06.034"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44259-023-00007-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12278"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/lsa.2014.46"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.20.020998"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2818.2000.00710.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41374-019-0296-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22083802"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/cib.4.2.14717"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.2006\/001610-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-16358-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.R028290"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.091454"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00294-013-0402-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep15133"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2818.2009.03188.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00946-20"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.00295-13"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.62.1.130-180.1998"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13101529"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.001548"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-07633-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12030441"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baxter K Rooney L Foylan S Gould G McConnell G. 2024 Data for: Revealing the ultrastructure of live Candida albicans using stimulated emission depletion microscopy. University of Strathclyde. (doi:10.15129\/fbf302e8-2a80-451e-8107-d7c989fcbf62)","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.11.25.625149"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baxter KJ Rooney LM Foylan S Gould GW McConnell G. 2025 Supplementary Material from: Revealing the Ultrastructure of Live Candida Albicans Using Stimulated Emission Depletion Microscopy. Figshare. (doi:10.6084\/m9.figshare.c.8054625)","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.11.25.625149"}],"container-title":["Open Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rsob.250031","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1098\/rsob.250031","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rsob.250031","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T23:06:20Z","timestamp":1761087980000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/10.1098\/rsob.250031"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1098\/rsob.250031"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsob.250031","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSOB.250031\/v3\/response1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSOB.250031\/v2\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSOB.250031\/v2\/review2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSOB.250031\/v1\/review2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSOB.250031\/v1\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSOB.250031\/v2\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSOB.250031\/v3\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2046-2441"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2046-2441","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-02-05","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-04-28","order":1,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-09-08","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-10-22","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"250031"}}