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Their dysfunction leads to diseases, associated with chronic airway infections, subfertility and ventricular enlargement. A group of transcription factors and a cell cycle variant enable the differentiation of multiciliated cells. However, how the multiciliated differentiation programme is initiated, timed and spatially regulated within developing tissues remains unclear. In this review, we combine findings from airway, brain ventricles and Xenopus epidermal systems to reveal how mechanical cues may interact with transcriptional networks and cell cycle regulators during multiciliogenesis. We suggest a model where mechanical forces serve as contextual regulators that enable, time and control the execution of the multiciliated differentiation programme.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsob.260101","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T00:22:51Z","timestamp":1787703771000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Contribution of mechanical forces in multiciliated cell differentiation"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Nathalie","family":"Spassky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Biologie de l\u2019ENS (IBENS), D\u00e9partement de biologie, \u00c9cole normale sup\u00e9rieure, CNRS, INSERM, Universit\u00e9 PSL , Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9870-0475","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathalie","family":"Delgehyr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Biologie de l\u2019ENS (IBENS), D\u00e9partement de biologie, \u00c9cole normale sup\u00e9rieure, CNRS, INSERM, Universit\u00e9 PSL , Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026082520224710900_RSOB260101C1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.physiol.69.040705.141236","article-title":"Overview of structure and function of mammalian cilia","volume":"69","author":"Satir","year":"2007","journal-title":"Annu. 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