{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T23:48:04Z","timestamp":1790293684809,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,1]],"date-time":"2014-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1412121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,1]],"date-time":"2014-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1412121600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["royalsocietypublishing.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["R. Soc. Open Sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Seasonal influenza outbreaks and pandemics of new strains of the influenza virus affect humans around the globe. However, traditional systems for measuring the spread of flu infections deliver results with one or two weeks delay. Recent research suggests that data on queries made to the search engine\n            <jats:italic>Google<\/jats:italic>\n            can be used to address this problem, providing real-time estimates of levels of influenza-like illness in a population. Others have however argued that equally good estimates of current flu levels can be forecast using historic flu measurements. Here, we build dynamic \u2018nowcasting\u2019 models; in other words, forecasting models that estimate current levels of influenza, before the release of official data one week later. We find that when using\n            <jats:italic>Google Flu Trends<\/jats:italic>\n            data in combination with historic flu levels, the mean absolute error (MAE) of in-sample \u2018nowcasts\u2019 can be significantly reduced by 14.4%, compared with a baseline model that uses historic data on flu levels only. We further demonstrate that the MAE of out-of-sample nowcasts can also be significantly reduced by between 16.0% and 52.7%, depending on the length of the sliding training interval. We conclude that, using adaptive models,\n            <jats:italic>Google Flu Trends<\/jats:italic>\n            data can indeed be used to improve real-time influenza monitoring, even when official reports of flu infections are available with only one week's delay.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.140095","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,30]],"date-time":"2014-10-30T05:29:35Z","timestamp":1414646975000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":86,"title":["Adaptive nowcasting of influenza outbreaks using\u00a0\n            <i>Google<\/i>\n            searches"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Tobias","family":"Preis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen Susannah","family":"Moat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1167742"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X13001817"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1171990"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1197872"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2010.0284"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-4932.2012.00809.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep00350"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0095209"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep01684"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep02713"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1324054111"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0040014"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0038869"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep01801"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep03415"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocs.2010.12.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep03141"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep03578"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/593098"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07634"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1003581"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0019467"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1005962107"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1003256"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1248506"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2014.05.020"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","article-title":"Data from adaptive nowcasting of influenza outbreaks using Google searches","author":"Preis T","year":"2014","unstructured":"Preis T, Moat HS. 2014 Data from adaptive nowcasting of influenza outbreaks using Google searches. Dryad Repository. (doi:10.5061\/dryad.r06h2)","journal-title":"Dryad Repository."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0023610"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","volume-title":"Forecasting methods and applications","author":"Makridakis S","year":"1998","unstructured":"Makridakis S, Wheelwright SC, Hyndman RJ. 1998 Forecasting methods and applications 3rd edn. London, UK: John Wiley & Sons.","edition":"3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_2","volume-title":"Introduction to econometrics","author":"Stock JH","year":"2011","unstructured":"Stock JH, Watson M. 2011 Introduction to econometrics 3rd edn. Harlow, UK: Pearson Education.","edition":"3"}],"container-title":["Royal Society Open Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rsos.140095","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1098\/rsos.140095","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rsos.140095","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]],"date-time":"2025-04-29T13:09:44Z","timestamp":1745932184000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/10.1098\/rsos.140095"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1098\/rsos.140095"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsos.140095","relation":{},"ISSN":["2054-5703"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2054-5703","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2014-06-10","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2014-10-10","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2014-10-01","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"140095"}}