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If fixed phenotypic traits are functionally linked to resource use, then animals should redistribute in response to seasonally changing resources, leading to a \u2018phenotype-limited\u2019 distribution. Here, we examine this possibility for a shorebird, the bar-tailed godwit (<jats:italic>Limosa lapponica<\/jats:italic>; a long-billed and sexually dimorphic shorebird), that has to reach buried prey with a probing bill of fixed length. The main prey of female bar-tailed godwits is buried deeper in winter than in summer. Using sightings of individually marked females, we found that in winter only longer-billed individuals remained in the Dutch Wadden Sea, while the shorter-billed individuals moved away to an estuary with a more benign climate such as the Wash. Although longer-billed individuals have the widest range of options in winter and could therefore be selected for, counterselection may occur during the breeding season on the tundra, where surface-living prey may be captured more easily with shorter bills. Phenotype-limited distributions could be a widespread phenomenon and, when associated with assortative migration and mating, it may act as a precursor of phenotypic evolution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.150073","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,16]],"date-time":"2015-06-16T15:51:17Z","timestamp":1434469877000},"page":"150073","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Phenotype-limited distributions: short-billed birds move away during times that prey bury deeply"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Sjoerd","family":"Duijns","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Marine Ecology, NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, PO Box 59, 1790 AB Den Burg, Texel, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan A.","family":"van Gils","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Marine Ecology, NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, PO Box 59, 1790 AB Den Burg, Texel, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Smart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wash Wader Ringing Group, The Old School House, Rhoon Road, Terrington St Clement, Norfolk PE34 4H, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theunis","family":"Piersma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Marine Ecology, NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, PO Box 59, 1790 AB Den Burg, Texel, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Chair in Global Flyway Ecology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, PO Box 11103, 9700 CC Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_7_2_2","volume-title":"Population in a seasonal environment.","author":"Fretwell SD","year":"1972"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-5347(97)01003-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_4_2","volume-title":"The flexible phenotype: a body-centred integration of ecology, physiology, and behaviour.","author":"Piersma T","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2013.12.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_6_2","first-page":"20140308","volume-title":"Proc. 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