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Although the advent of digital reconstruction techniques has facilitated the creation and testing of musculoskeletal hypotheses in recent years, muscle strain capabilities have rarely been considered. Here, a digital modelling approach using the freely available visualization and animation software B<jats:sc>lender<\/jats:sc>is applied to estimate cranial muscle length changes and optimal and maximal possible gape in different theropod dinosaurs. Models of living archosaur taxa (<jats:italic>Alligator mississippiensis<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>Buteo buteo<\/jats:italic>) were used in an extant phylogenetically bracketed framework to validate the method. Results of this study demonstrate that<jats:italic>Tyrannosaurus rex<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>Allosaurus fragilis<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>Erlikosaurus andrewsi<\/jats:italic>show distinct differences in the recruitment of the jaw adductor musculature and resulting gape, confirming previous dietary and ecological assumptions. While the carnivorous taxa<jats:italic>T. rex<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>Allo. fragilis<\/jats:italic>were capable of a wide gape and sustained muscle force, the herbivorous therizinosaurian<jats:italic>E. andrewsi<\/jats:italic>was constrained to small gape angles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.150495","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,4]],"date-time":"2015-11-04T18:20:57Z","timestamp":1446661257000},"page":"150495","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Estimating cranial musculoskeletal constraints in theropod dinosaurs"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Stephan","family":"Lautenschlager","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.182.1.147","article-title":"Kinematics of birdsong: functional correlation of cranial movements and acoustic features in sparrows","volume":"182","author":"Westneat MW","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. 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