{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T15:16:16Z","timestamp":1791213376469,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,1]],"date-time":"2017-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1485907200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/journals\/ethics-policies\/data-sharing-mining\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"BBSRC Future Leader Fellowship","award":["BB\/N010957\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/N010957\/1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["royalsocietypublishing.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["R. Soc. open sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Projectile damage to building stone is a widespread phenomenon. Sites damaged 100 years ago during the First World War still see daily use, while in a more contemporary setting numerous reports show the damage to buildings in Babylon, Mosul and Palmyra. While research has been carried out on the long-term effects of conflict such as fire damage, little is known about the protracted damage sustained through the impact of bullets, shrapnel and other metal projectiles outside of the field of engineering focused on ceramics and metals. To investigate alterations to mineral structure caused by projectile damage, impacts were created in medium-grained, well-compacted, mesoporous sandstone samples using 0.22 calibre lead bullets shot at a distance of 20\u2009m. Half these samples were treated with a surface consolidant (Wacker OH 100), to mimic natural cementation of the rock surface. These samples were then tested for changes to surface hardness and moisture movement during temperature cycles of 15\u201365\u00b0C. Petrographic thin section analysis was carried out to investigate the micro-scale deformation associated with high-speed impact. The results surprisingly show that stress build-up behind pre-existing cementation of the surface, as found in heritage sites that have been exposed to moisture and temperature fluctuations for longer periods of time, can be alleviated with a bullet impact. However, fracture networks and alteration of the mineral matrices still form a weak point within the structure, even at a relatively low impact calibre. This initial study illustrates the need for geomorphologists, geologists, engineers and heritage specialists to work collectively to gain further insights into the long-term impact of higher calibre armed warfare on heritage deterioration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.160335","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,23]],"date-time":"2017-02-23T23:26:58Z","timestamp":1487892418000},"page":"160335","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["The benefit of a tough skin: bullet holes, weathering and the preservation of heritage"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5272-3671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa","family":"Mol","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography and Environmental Management, University of West England, Bristol, UK"},{"name":"Oxford Rock Breakdown Laboratory, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Gomez-Heras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Geolog\u00eda y Geoqu\u00edmica, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid, Madrid 28049, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Brassey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biology and Conservation Ecology, School of Science and the Environment, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"O.","family":"Green","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3AN, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Blenkinsop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth and Ocean Science, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2","volume-title":"The destruction of cultural heritage in Iraq","author":"Ghaidan U","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5615\/neareastarch.78.3.0170"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_4_2","unstructured":"British Academy 2010 Fighting a looting battle? See http:\/\/www.britac.ac.uk\/news\/news.cfm\/newsid\/16."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_5_2","unstructured":"Project Mosul 2016 See http:\/\/projectmosul.org\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_6_2","unstructured":"Guillemette A. 2013 Coming together at Easter: commemorating the 1916 Rising in Ireland 1916\u20131966. Unpublished PhD thesis Concordia University Canada."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_7_2","unstructured":"Hamber B. 2004 Public memorials and reconciliation processes in Northern Ireland . In Paper presented at the Trauma and Transitional Justice in Divided Societies Conf Airlie House Warrington VA USA 27\u201329 March 2004."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0734-743X(99)00047-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijimpeng.2006.06.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijimpeng.2011.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijimpeng.2014.07.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.2495\/978-1-84564-879-4\/018","volume-title":"Projectile impact: modelling techniques and assessment of target material","author":"Wang MY","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_13_2","unstructured":"CCI (no date) The ten agents of deterioration: physical forces. See http:\/\/canada.pch.gc.ca\/eng\/1444924113472 (accessed 14 November 2016)."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/esp.1134"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-012-1858-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-265X(02)00043-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0148-9062(93)90707-K"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0148-9062(93)91226-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/esp.2040"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/pcg.2012.0003"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/esp.2252"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1130\/0091-7613(1982)10<520:CHOS>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1144\/GSL.SP.2007.271.01.22"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/esp.3449"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020776622689"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02479613"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_27_2","unstructured":"Da Costa DMR Rodrigues JD. 2011 The effect of water on the durability of granitic materials consolidated with ethyl silicates. In Proc. CCI Symp. ICC 2011\u2014adhesives and consolidants for conservation: research and applications Ottawa Canada 17\u201321 October 2011 ."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_28_2","first-page":"217","volume-title":"Stone conservation: principles and practice","author":"Kemp J","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_29_2","first-page":"749","volume-title":"Heritage, weathering and conservation volume II","author":"Myrin M","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2010.01.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.322162"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.culher.2006.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-4754.2010.00516.x","article-title":"The writing's in the wall: a review of new preliminary applications of electrical resistivity tomography within archaeology","volume":"52","author":"Mol L","year":"2010","journal-title":"Archaeometry"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1144\/0016-76492006-036"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10704-004-2507-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3650258"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2747\/0272-3646.28.3.193"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.culher.2007.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01414866"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_40_2","unstructured":"Riog CI Cavosie AJ McDougal DJ Cordua WS Mattson C. 2013 Detrital shocked quartz in modern sediments eroded from the Rock Elm impact structure Wisconsin. In 44th Annu. Lunar and Planetary Science Conf. vol. 2685. Houston TX: Lunar and Planetary Institute."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1130\/B30958.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1130\/0091-7613(1988)016<0796:MLDFIQ>2.3.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1945-5100.1994.tb00670.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_44_2","first-page":"120","volume-title":"Traces of catastrophe: a handbook of shock-metamorphic effects in terrestrial meteorite impact structures","author":"French BM","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_45_2","unstructured":"Ernstson K Claudin F. n.d. Shock metamorphism page. See http:\/\/www.impact-structures.com\/shock-metamorphism-page\/ (accessed 9 May 2016)."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_46_2","unstructured":"Mol L Gomez-Heras M Brassey C Green O Blenkinsop T. 2017 Data from: The benefit of a tough skin: bullet holes weathering and the preservation of heritage. Dryad Digital Repository. (doi:10.5061\/dryad.f5d20)"}],"container-title":["Royal Society Open Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rsos.160335","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1098\/rsos.160335","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rsos.160335","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,22]],"date-time":"2024-06-22T17:09:19Z","timestamp":1719076159000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/10.1098\/rsos.160335"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,2]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1098\/rsos.160335"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsos.160335","relation":{},"ISSN":["2054-5703"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2054-5703","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2016-05-13","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2017-01-27","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2017-02-22","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}