{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T14:57:02Z","timestamp":1785769022139,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,1]],"date-time":"2016-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1475280000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/journals\/ethics-policies\/data-sharing-mining\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000274","name":"British Heart Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PG\/15\/49\/31595"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PG\/15\/49\/31595"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000274","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000274","name":"British Heart Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RG\/11\/13\/29055"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RG\/11\/13\/29055"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000274","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["royalsocietypublishing.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["R. Soc. open sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            The precise flow characteristics that promote different atherosclerotic plaque types remain unclear. We previously developed a blood flow-modifying cuff for ApoE\n            <jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n            mice that induces the development of advanced plaques with vulnerable and stable features upstream and downstream of the cuff, respectively. Herein, we sought to test the hypothesis that changes in flow magnitude promote formation of the upstream (vulnerable) plaque, whereas altered flow direction is important for development of the downstream (stable) plaque. We instrumented ApoE\n            <jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n            mice (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            \u2009=\u20097) with a cuff around the left carotid artery and imaged them with micro-CT (39.6\u2009\u00b5m resolution) eight to nine weeks after cuff placement. Computational fluid dynamics was then performed to compute six metrics that describe different aspects of atherogenic flow in terms of wall shear stress magnitude and\/or direction. In a subset of four imaged animals, we performed histology to confirm the presence of advanced plaques and measure plaque length in each segment. Relative to the control artery, the region upstream of the cuff exhibited changes in shear stress magnitude only (\n            <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n            \u2009&lt;\u20090.05), whereas the region downstream of the cuff exhibited changes in shear stress magnitude and direction (\n            <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n            \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). These data suggest that shear stress magnitude contributes to the formation of advanced plaques with a vulnerable phenotype, whereas variations in both magnitude and direction promote the formation of plaques with stable features.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.160588","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,19]],"date-time":"2016-10-19T09:08:56Z","timestamp":1476868136000},"page":"160588","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Influence of shear stress magnitude and direction on atherosclerotic plaque composition"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1099-1859","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryan M.","family":"Pedrigi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vikram V.","family":"Mehta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra M.","family":"Bovens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zahra","family":"Mohri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian Bo","family":"Poulsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine and Department of Cardiology, Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Willy","family":"Gsell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC-Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, London, UK"},{"name":"Biomedical MRI, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jordi L.","family":"Tremoleda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC-Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, London, UK"},{"name":"Centre for Trauma Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leila","family":"Towhidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ranil","family":"de Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enrico","family":"Petretto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC-Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, London, UK"},{"name":"Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Republic of Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rob","family":"Krams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.016270"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2061","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.17.10.2061","article-title":"Evaluation of endothelial shear stress and 3D geometry as factors determining the development of atherosclerosis and remodeling in human coronary arteries in vivo. 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