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Soc. open sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Infectious diseases that originate from multiple wildlife hosts can be complex and problematic to manage. A full understanding is further limited by large temporal and spatial gaps in sampling. However, these limitations can be overcome, in part, by using historical samples, such as those derived from museum collections. Here, we screened over 1000 museum specimens collected over the past 120 years to examine the historical distribution and prevalence of monkeypox virus (MPXV) in five species of African rope squirrel (\n                    <jats:italic>Funisciurus<\/jats:italic>\n                    sp.) collected across Central Africa. We found evidence of MPXV infections in host species as early as 1899, half a century earlier than the first recognized case of MPXV in 1958, supporting the suggestion that historic pox-like outbreaks in humans and non-human primates may have been caused by MPXV rather than smallpox as originally thought. MPX viral DNA was found in 93 of 1038 (9.0%) specimens from five\n                    <jats:italic>Funisciurus<\/jats:italic>\n                    species (\n                    <jats:italic>F.\u00a0anerythrus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>F.\u00a0carruthersi<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>F.\u00a0congicus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>F.\u00a0lemniscatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>F.\u00a0pyrropus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), of which\n                    <jats:italic>F.\u00a0carruthersi<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>pyrropus<\/jats:italic>\n                    had not previously been identified as potential MPXV hosts. We additionally documented relative prevalence rates of infection in museum specimens of\n                    <jats:italic>Funisciurus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and examined the spatial and temporal distribution of MPXV in these potential host species across nearly a hundred years (1899\u20131993).\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.171089","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,31]],"date-time":"2018-01-31T05:13:29Z","timestamp":1517375609000},"page":"171089","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"title":["Ghosts of infections past: using archival samples to understand a century of monkeypox virus prevalence among host communities across space and time"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8948-0826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Madeline S.","family":"Tiee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA"},{"name":"Center for Tropical Research, Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan J.","family":"Harrigan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Tropical Research, Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henri A.","family":"Thomassen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Tropical Research, Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA"},{"name":"Institute of Evolution and Ecology, University of T\u00fcbingen, T\u00fcbingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas B.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA"},{"name":"Center for Tropical Research, Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06536"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1112.050997"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1059026"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2001.0889"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0812.010317"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2014.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01498-14"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v6041759"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1641\/0006-3568(2004)054[0066:TVOMCF]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aanat.2011.04.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1637\/9685-021411-Reg.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0015989"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_14_2","first-page":"45","volume-title":"Emerging infections","author":"Breman JG","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1985.34.781"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_16_2","first-page":"165","article-title":"Human monkeypox, 1970\u201379","volume":"58","author":"Breman JG","year":"1980","journal-title":"Bull. 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