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Soc. Open Sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Pathogens entering the marine environment as pollutants exhibit a spatial signature driven by their transport mechanisms. The sea otter (\n            <jats:italic>Enhydra lutris<\/jats:italic>\n            ), a marine animal which lives much of its life within sight of land, presents a unique opportunity to understand land\u2013sea pathogen transmission. Using a dataset on\n            <jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic>\n            prevalence across sea otter range from Alaska to California, we found that the dominant drivers of infection risk vary depending upon the spatial scale of analysis. At the population level, regions with high\n            <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n            prevalence had higher human population density and a greater proportion of human-dominated land uses, suggesting a strong role for population density of the felid definitive host of this parasite. This relationship persisted when a subset of data were analysed at the individual level: large-scale patterns in sea otter\n            <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n            infection prevalence were largely explained by individual exposure to areas of high human housing unit density, and other landscape features associated with anthropogenic land use, such as impervious surfaces and cropping land. These results contrast with the small-scale, within-region analysis, in which age, sex and prey choice accounted for most of the variation in infection risk, and terrestrial environmental features provided little variation to help in explaining observed patterns. These results underscore the importance of spatial scale in study design when quantifying both individual-level risk factors and landscape-scale variation in infection risk.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.171178","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,4]],"date-time":"2018-07-04T07:35:40Z","timestamp":1530689740000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Defining the risk landscape in the context of pathogen pollution:\n            <i>Toxoplasma gondii<\/i>\n            in sea otters along the Pacific Rim"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9457-9150","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tristan L.","family":"Burgess","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Karen C Drayer Wildlife Health Center, One Health Institute, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Tim Tinker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, Long Marine Laboratory, 100 Shaffer Road, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa A.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Karen C Drayer Wildlife Health Center, One Health Institute, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA"},{"name":"Marine Wildlife Veterinary Care and Research Center, California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James L.","family":"Bodkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center, 4201 University Drive, Anchorage, AK, 99503, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Murray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monterey Bay Aquarium, 886 Cannery Row, Monterey, CA, 93940, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin A.","family":"Saarinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New College of Florida, 5800 Bay Shore Road, Sarasota, FL 34243, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda M.","family":"Nichol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Pacific Biological Station, 3190 Hammond Bay Road, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada V9T 6N7"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shawn","family":"Larson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Seattle Aquarium, 1483 Alaskan Way, Pier 59, Seattle, WA 98101, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia A.","family":"Conrad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Karen C Drayer Wildlife Health Center, One Health Institute, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine K.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Karen C Drayer Wildlife Health Center, One Health Institute, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2004.07.021"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-39.3.495"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2005.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(02)00069-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep29252"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_7_2","unstructured":"Riedman M Estes JA. 1990 The sea otter (Enhydra lutris): Ebehavior ecology and natural history. 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