{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T23:47:18Z","timestamp":1787010438345,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,1]],"date-time":"2018-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1535760000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/journals\/ethics-policies\/data-sharing-mining\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The World Bank through the East African Public Health Laboratory Networking","award":["P153665"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P153665"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["royalsocietypublishing.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["R. Soc. open sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Bacillus anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n                    is an aerobic, Gram-positive and spore-forming bacterium, which causes anthrax in herbivores. Humans get infected after coming into contact with infected animals' products. An unmatched case\u2013control study was conducted to identify the importance of demographic, biological and\/or behavioural factors associated with human cutaneous anthrax outbreaks in the hotspot areas of Northern Tanzania. A semi-structured questionnaire was administered to both cases and controls. The age range of participants was 1\u201380 years with a median age of 32 years. In the younger group (1\u201320 years), the odds of being infected were 25 times higher in the exposed group compared to the unexposed group (OR= 25, 95% CI = 1.5\u2013410). By contrast, the odds of exposure in the old group (\u226520 years) were three times lower in the exposed group compared to the unexposed group (OR = 3.2, 95% CI = 1.28\u20138.00). Demographic characteristics, sleeping on animal's skins, contacting with infected carcasses through skinning and butchering, and not having formal education were linked to exposure for anthrax infection. Hence, a One Health approach is inevitable for the prevention and control of anthrax outbreaks in the hotspot areas of Northern Tanzania.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.180479","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,5]],"date-time":"2018-09-05T03:28:11Z","timestamp":1536118091000},"page":"180479","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Risk factors for human cutaneous anthrax outbreaks in the hotspot districts of Northern Tanzania: an unmatched case\u2013control study"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1114-7369","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elibariki R.","family":"Mwakapeje","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology and Diseases Control Section, Ministry of Health, Community Development, Gender, Elderly and Children, PO Box 9083, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, PO Box 3021, Chuo Kikuu Morogoro, Tanzania"},{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 8146 Dep., 0033 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sol","family":"H\u00f8gset","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 8146 Dep., 0033 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adis","family":"Softic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 8146 Dep., 0033 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janneth","family":"Mghamba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology and Diseases Control Section, Ministry of Health, Community Development, Gender, Elderly and Children, PO Box 9083, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hezron E.","family":"Nonga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, PO Box 3021, Chuo Kikuu Morogoro, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robinson H.","family":"Mdegela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, PO Box 3021, Chuo Kikuu Morogoro, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eystein","family":"Skjerve","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 8146 Dep., 0033 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_7_2_2","first-page":"219","volume-title":"Anthrax in humans and animals","author":"WHO","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_3_2","first-page":"295","article-title":"The ecology of anthrax spores: tough but not invincible","volume":"36","author":"Dragon DC","year":"1995","journal-title":"Can. Vet. J."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201102-0209CI"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-4-106"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2016.0166"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/cjz-2013-0186"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_8_2","first-page":"529","volume-title":"Virulence mechanisms of bacterial pathogens","author":"Swick MC","year":"2016","edition":"5"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2009.08.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.21.2.1336"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1751-0147-52-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_12_2","first-page":"973","article-title":"Case-control study investigating an anthrax outbreak in Saskatchewan, Canada\u2014Summer 2006","volume":"51","author":"Epp T","year":"2010","journal-title":"Can. Vet. J."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.08.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.3329\/bjmm.v4i1.8470","article-title":"Anthrax: an emerging zoonotic disease in Bangladesh","volume":"4","author":"Ahmed B","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bangladesh J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M611432200"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_16_2","unstructured":"FAO-OIE-WHO. 2010 The FAO-OIE-WHO collaboration. Sharing responsibilities and coordinating global activities to address health risks at the animal-health-ecosystems interfaces: a tripartite concept note. Health ( San Francisco ) 6 April. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.fao.org\/docrep\/012\/ak736e\/ak736e00.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-017-5007-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.9734\/AJMAH\/2017\/32369"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14202\/IJOH.2017.66-76"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_20_2","first-page":"65","article-title":"Anthrax epizootics in Tanzania's National Parks with special interest in a recent anthrax outbreak in Serengeti National Park","volume":"46","author":"Mlengeya T","year":"1998","journal-title":"Bull. Anim. Health Prod. Afr"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_21_2","first-page":"327","article-title":"Anthrax in Lake Rukwa Valley. Tanzania: a persistent problem","volume":"88","author":"Webber RH","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.73.10.809"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-23.1.175"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_24_2","first-page":"45","article-title":"Anthrax epizootic in Tarangire National Park, Tanzania: an important disease of impala in a period of 15 years","volume":"39","author":"Mbise AN","year":"1991","journal-title":"Bull. Anim. Health Prod. Afr."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2664.2011.02030.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_26_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"People, pathogens and our planet, volume 1: towards a One Health approach for controlling zoonotic diseases","volume":"1","author":"World Bank","year":"2010","journal-title":"Web Rep."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1703.101290"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2013.06.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_29_2","first-page":"62","article-title":"An investigation into a human anthrax outbreak in Maragua District, Central Kenya","volume":"30","author":"Njenga MJ","year":"2006","journal-title":"The Kenya Veterinarian"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2011.0916"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005580"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.09.081"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2017-000600"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_34_2","unstructured":"JEE Report. 2016 Joint External Evaluation Report for Global Health Security Agenda and International Health Regulations (2005). www.moh.go.tz 1\u201369."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_35_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Living at the edge of an interface area in Zimbabwe: cattle owners, commodity chain and health workers' awareness, perceptions and practices on zoonoses","volume":"16","author":"Gadaga BM","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.21.1.1322"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_37_2","first-page":"147","article-title":"Impacts of wildlife infections on humans and livestock health with special reference to Tanzania: implications for protected area management","volume":"30","author":"Cleaveland S","year":"2005","journal-title":"Conservation and development interventions at the wildlife\/livestock interface: implications for wildlife, livestock, and human health"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_38_2","article-title":"A graphical tool for analyzing causal diagrams","volume":"5","author":"Textor J","year":"2011","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-46.3.918"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13752-016-0244-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2012.07.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4142\/jvs.2012.13.3.293"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2012.10.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2016.0162"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2016.0170"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2016.0305"}],"container-title":["Royal Society Open Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rsos.180479","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1098\/rsos.180479","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rsos.180479","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,17]],"date-time":"2021-02-17T21:49:14Z","timestamp":1613598554000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/10.1098\/rsos.180479"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1098\/rsos.180479"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsos.180479","relation":{},"ISSN":["2054-5703"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2054-5703","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2018-03-23","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-08-16","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-09-05","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}