{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T17:31:06Z","timestamp":1790789466701,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,13]],"date-time":"2021-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610496000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,13]],"date-time":"2021-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610496000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Medical Research Council","award":["MR\/R020817\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/R020817\/1"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["218411_Z_19_Z_UCL"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["218411_Z_19_Z_UCL"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["royalsocietypublishing.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["R. Soc. open sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Catastrophizing is a cognitive process that can be defined as predicting the worst possible outcome. It has been shown to be related to psychiatric diagnoses such as depression and anxiety, yet there are no self-report questionnaires specifically measuring it outside the context of pain research. Here, we therefore develop a novel, comprehensive self-report measure of general catastrophizing. We performed five online studies (total\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 734), in which we created and refined a Catastrophizing Questionnaire, and used a factor analytic approach to understand its underlying structure. We also assessed convergent and discriminant validity, and analysed test\u2013retest reliability. Furthermore, we tested the ability of Catastrophizing Questionnaire scores to predict relevant clinical variables over and above other questionnaires. Finally, we also developed a four-item short version of this questionnaire. We found that our questionnaire is best fit by a single underlying factor, and shows convergent and discriminant validity. Exploratory factor analyses indicated that catastrophizing is independent from other related constructs, including anxiety and worry. Moreover, we demonstrate incremental validity for this questionnaire in predicting diagnostic and medication status. Finally, we demonstrate that our Catastrophizing Questionnaire has good test\u2013retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.77,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 0.001). Critically, we can now, for the first time, obtain detailed self-report data on catastrophizing.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.201362","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,13]],"date-time":"2021-01-13T03:15:30Z","timestamp":1610507730000},"page":"201362","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["The development and psychometric properties of a self-report Catastrophizing Questionnaire"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1972-5530","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alexandra C.","family":"Pike","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Anxiety Lab, Neuroscience and Mental Health Group, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Alexandra House, 17\u201319 Queen Square, London WC1N 3AR, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6939-2952","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jade R.","family":"Serfaty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anxiety Lab, Neuroscience and Mental Health Group, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Alexandra House, 17\u201319 Queen Square, London WC1N 3AR, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3100-1132","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Oliver J.","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anxiety Lab, Neuroscience and Mental Health Group, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Alexandra House, 17\u201319 Queen Square, London WC1N 3AR, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_7_2_2","volume-title":"Reason and emotion in psychotherapy","author":"Ellis A","year":"1962"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_3_2","unstructured":"Merriam-Webster. 2020 Catastrophe. See https:\/\/www.merriam-webster.com\/dictionary\/catastrophe (accessed 26 May 2020)."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_4_2","volume-title":"Cognitive therapy of depression","author":"Beck AT","year":"1979"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10608-016-9763-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(86)90011-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(00)00095-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10608-017-9838-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1077-7229(02)80006-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002508-200103000-00008"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(83)90125-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(89)90152-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0000000000000422","article-title":"Effects of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) on brain connectivity supporting catastrophizing in fibromyalgia","volume":"33","author":"Lazaridou A","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. 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