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Soc. open sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The transition to a low-carbon economy will increase demand for a wide range of metals, notably copper, which is used extensively in power generation and in electric vehicles. Increased demand will require new, sustainable approaches to copper exploration and extraction. Conventional copper mining entails energy-intensive extraction of relatively low-grade ore from large open pits or underground mines and subsequent ore refining. Most copper derives ultimately from hot, hydrous magmatic fluids. Ore formation involves phase separation of these fluids to form copper-rich hypersaline liquids (or \u2018brines') and subsequent precipitation of copper sulfides. Geophysical surveys of many volcanoes reveal electrically conductive bodies at around 2 km depth, consistent with lenses of brine hosted in porous rock. Building upon emerging concepts in crustal magmatism, we explore the potential of sub-volcanic brines as an\n                    <jats:italic>in situ<\/jats:italic>\n                    source of copper and other metals. Using hydrodynamic simulations, we show that 10 000 years of magma degassing can generate a Cu-rich brine lens containing up to 1.4 Mt Cu in a rock volume of a few km\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    at approximately 2 km depth. Direct extraction of metal-rich brines represents a novel development in metal resource extraction that obviates the need for conventional mines, and generates geothermal power as a by-product.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.202192","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,30]],"date-time":"2021-06-30T03:09:42Z","timestamp":1625022582000},"page":"202192","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["The economic potential of metalliferous sub-volcanic brines"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7263-8925","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jon","family":"Blundy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3AN, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2284-7144","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Andrey","family":"Afanasyev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Mechanics, Moscow State University, 1 Michurinsky Prospekt, Moscow 119192, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2725-8031","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Brian","family":"Tattitch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Wills Memorial Building, Bristol BS8 1RJ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7173-2899","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Steve","family":"Sparks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Wills Memorial Building, Bristol BS8 1RJ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4655-5269","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Oleg","family":"Melnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Mechanics, Moscow State University, 1 Michurinsky Prospekt, Moscow 119192, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivan","family":"Utkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Mechanics, Moscow State University, 1 Michurinsky Prospekt, Moscow 119192, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5095-7749","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alison","family":"Rust","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Wills Memorial Building, Bristol BS8 1RJ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2018.01.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.02.146"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2016.03.102"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41561-018-0214-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/370519a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2113\/gsecongeo.105.1.3"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lithos.2014.12.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00372365"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/petrology\/egi084"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08120099.2013.865676"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep44523"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo2028"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_14_2","first-page":"1927","article-title":"Magma degassing and mineral deposition in hydrothermal systems along convergent plate boundaries","volume":"87","author":"Giggenbach WF","year":"1992","unstructured":"Giggenbach WF. 1992 Magma degassing and mineral deposition in hydrothermal systems along convergent plate boundaries. 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