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Soc. open sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The teeth of sharks famously form a series of transversely organized files with a conveyor-belt replacement that are borne directly on the jaw cartilages, in contrast to the dermal plate-borne dentition of bony fishes that undergoes site-specific replacement. A major obstacle in understanding how this system evolved is the poorly understood relationships of the earliest chondrichthyans and the profusion of morphologically and terminologically diverse bones, cartilages, splints and whorls that they possess. Here, we use tomographic methods to investigate mandibular structures in several early branching \u2018acanthodian\u2019-grade stem-chondrichthyans. We show that the dentigerous jaw bones of disparate genera of ischnacanthids are united by a common construction, being growing bones with non-shedding dentition. Mandibular splints, which support the ventro-lateral edge of the Meckel's cartilage in some taxa, are formed from dermal bone and may be an acanthodid synapomorphy. We demonstrate that the teeth of<jats:italic>Acanthodopsis<\/jats:italic>are borne directly on the mandibular cartilage and that this taxon is deeply nested within an edentulous radiation, representing an unexpected independent origin of teeth. Many or even all of the range of unusual oral structures may be apomorphic, but they should nonetheless be considered when building hypotheses of tooth and jaw evolution, both in chondrichthyans and more broadly.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.210822","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,10]],"date-time":"2021-11-10T08:06:51Z","timestamp":1636531611000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Diverse stem-chondrichthyan oral structures and evidence for an independently acquired acanthodid dentition"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3522-7304","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Richard P.","family":"Dearden","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CR2P, Centre de Recherche en Pal\u00e9ontologie\u2013Paris, Mus\u00e9um national d'Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CP 38, 57 Rue Cuvier, F75231 Paris Cedex 05, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9267-4392","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sam","family":"Giles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK"},{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2013.12.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13358-020-00212-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-6409.1980.tb00660.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2015.0326"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11555"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaz9431"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_8_2","article-title":"Acanthodian dental development and the origin of gnathostome dentitions","volume":"14","author":"R\u00fccklin M","year":"2021","unstructured":"R\u00fccklin M, King B, Cunningham JA, Johanson Z, Marone F, Donoghue PCJ. 2021 Acanthodian dental development and the origin of gnathostome dentitions. 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