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Soc. open sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Brazilian sex-role reversed cave insects (genus\n            <jats:italic>Neotrogla<\/jats:italic>\n            ) have a striking structure called the gynosome (or female penis), which deeply penetrates male vagina-like genitalia during copulation to receive nutritious semen. However, the protruding and retracting mechanisms of the female penis, including their evolutionary origin, are poorly understood. By using micro-computed tomography (\u00b5CT), we compared the genital morphology and musculature between species with a gynosome and others lacking this structure. As a result, we discovered two groups of muscles related to the protrusion and retraction of gynosomes. These muscles were also observed in species with non-protrusible prepenis. This suggests that evolution of these muscles preceded the acquisition of the protruding function of the gynosome, originally having a putative stimulatory function to receive nutritious semen. This intermediate stage probably allowed for the reversal of genital functions.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.220471","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,11]],"date-time":"2023-01-11T08:12:20Z","timestamp":1673424740000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Acquisition of novel muscles enabled protruding and retracting mechanisms of female penis in sex-role reversed cave insects"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0984-5838","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zixin","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Systematic Entomology, School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yoshitaka","family":"Kamimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Keio University, Yokohama 223-8521, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rodrigo L.","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecology and Conservation, Federal University of Lavras, CEP 37200-900 Lavras (MG), Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Lienhard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geneva Natural History Museum, 1211 Geneva 6, CP 6434 Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6170-4296","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kazunori","family":"Yoshizawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Systematic Entomology, School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2014.03.022"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.201900005"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_4_2","first-page":"218","volume-title":"Keywords & concepts in evolutionary developmental biology","author":"M\u00fcller GB","year":"2003","unstructured":"M\u00fcller GB, Wagner GP. 2003 Innovation. 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