{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T02:29:11Z","timestamp":1780367351634,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675209600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/journals\/ethics-policies\/data-sharing-mining\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NERC","award":["NE\/G001952\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NE\/G001952\/1"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000288","name":"Royal Society","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["APEX award"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APEX award"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000288","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["royalsocietypublishing.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["R. Soc. open sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The process of feeding in mammals is achieved by moving the mandible relative to the cranium to bring the teeth into and out of occlusion. This process is especially complex in rodents which have a highly specialized configuration of jaw adductor muscles. Here, we used the computational technique of multi-body dynamics analysis (MDA) to model feeding in the red (<jats:italic>Sciurus vulgaris<\/jats:italic>) and grey squirrel (<jats:italic>Sciurus carolinensis<\/jats:italic>) and determine the relative contribution of each jaw-closing muscle in the generation of bite forces. The MDA model simulated incisor biting at different gapes. A series of \u2018virtual ablation experiments' were performed at each gape, whereby the activation of each bilateral pair of muscles was set to zero. The maximum bite force was found to increase at wider gapes. As predicted, the superficial and anterior deep masseter were the largest contributors to bite force, but the temporalis had only a small contribution. Further analysis indicated that the temporalis may play a more important role in jaw stabilization than in the generation of bite force. This study demonstrated the ability of MDA to elucidate details of red and grey squirrel feeding biomechanics providing a complement to data gathered via<jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>experimentation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.220587","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,15]],"date-time":"2023-02-15T08:06:51Z","timestamp":1676448411000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Masticatory biomechanics of red and grey squirrels (<i>Sciurus vulgaris<\/i>and<i>Sciurus carolinensis<\/i>) modelled with multibody dynamics analysis"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9782-2358","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Philip G.","family":"Cox","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK"},{"name":"Department of Archaeology, University of York, York, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0220-2960","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter J.","family":"Watson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, University of Hull, Hull, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","first-page":"508","article-title":"Comparative biologic-anatomical researches on mastication in some mammals","volume":"56","author":"Becht G","year":"1953","unstructured":"Becht G. 1953 Comparative biologic-anatomical researches on mastication in some mammals. Proc. Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, Ser. C. 56, 508-527.","journal-title":"Proc. Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, Ser. C."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_2","first-page":"289","article-title":"The mechanics of mammalian jaws","volume":"40","author":"Maynard Smith J","year":"1959","unstructured":"Maynard Smith J, Savage RJG. 1959 The mechanics of mammalian jaws. Sch. Sci. Rev. 40, 289-301.","journal-title":"Sch. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_2","first-page":"147","article-title":"Mammalian masticatory apparatus","volume":"18","author":"Turnbull WD","year":"1970","unstructured":"Turnbull WD. 1970 Mammalian masticatory apparatus. Fieldiana (Geol.) 18, 147-356.","journal-title":"Fieldiana (Geol.)"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1051410405"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-349-02721-7_17","volume-title":"Biology of the marsupials","author":"Crompton AW","year":"1977","unstructured":"Crompton AW, Thexton AJ, Parker P, Hiiemae K. 1977 The activity of the jaw and hyoid musculature in the Virginian opossum, Didelphis virginiana. In Biology of the marsupials (eds D Gilmore, B Stonehouse), pp. 287-305. London, UK: MacMillan."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9969(86)90012-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330720304"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.20058"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1052260106"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000284930"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1096-8644(200008)112:4<455::AID-AJPA4>3.0.CO;2-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.362"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781107360150.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781107360150.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_16_2","volume-title":"Handbook of the mammals of the world. Vol. 6. Lagomorphs and rodents I","author":"Wilson DE","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wilson DE, Lacher TE, Mittermeier RA. 2016 Handbook of the mammals of the world. Vol. 6. Lagomorphs and rodents I. Barcelona, Spain: Lynx Edicions."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1968.tb01654.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1965.tb01696.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.21381"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781107360150.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_21_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Untersuchungen \u00fcber die craniologischen Entwicklungsstufen und Classification der Nager der Jetzwelt","volume":"9","author":"Brandt JF","year":"1855","unstructured":"Brandt JF. 1855 Untersuchungen \u00fcber die craniologischen Entwicklungsstufen und Classification der Nager der Jetzwelt. M\u00e9m. Acad. Imp. Sci. St P\u00e9tersbourg, S\u00e9r. 6 9, 1-365.","journal-title":"M\u00e9m. Acad. Imp. Sci. St P\u00e9tersbourg, S\u00e9r. 6"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_22_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"The principles of classification and a classification of mammals","volume":"85","author":"Simpson GG","year":"1945","unstructured":"Simpson GG. 1945 The principles of classification and a classification of mammals. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 85, 1-350.","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmammal\/gyy179"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2019.0672"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-3642.1971.tb00754.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4687(199702)231:2<131::AID-JMOR2>3.0.CO;2-H"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4687(199804)236:1<49::AID-JMOR3>3.0.CO;2-J"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4687(199904)240:1<1::AID-JMOR1>3.0.CO;2-D"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.10443"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00435-009-0094-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(01)00662-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910208100903"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910308200415"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1051460102"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1051540305"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1051700203"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_37_2","first-page":"231","article-title":"Electromyography and mechanics of mastication in the springhare, Pedetes capensis (Rodentia, Pedetidae)","volume":"123","author":"Offermans M","year":"1993","unstructured":"Offermans M, De Vree F. 1993 Electromyography and mechanics of mastication in the springhare, Pedetes capensis (Rodentia, Pedetidae). Belg. J. Zool. 123, 231-261.","journal-title":"Belg. J. Zool."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0021-8782.2002.00108.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.20689"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2012.06.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2014.0564"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.21555"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2307\/3504224","article-title":"Sciurus carolinensis","volume":"480","author":"Koprowski JL","year":"1994","unstructured":"Koprowski JL. 1994 Sciurus carolinensis. Mammalian Species 480, 1-9.","journal-title":"Mammalian Species"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_44_2","volume-title":"The natural history of squirrels","author":"Gurnell J","year":"1987","unstructured":"Gurnell J. 1987 The natural history of squirrels. London, UK: Christopher Helm."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2907.2000.00054.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10530-013-0502-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.c4196"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2656.2004.00791.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/anbe.2001.1703"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00265-002-0516-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1052240303"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4687(199611)230:2<145::AID-JMOR3>3.0.CO;2-G"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2011.01436.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0036299"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1644\/1545-1410(2005)769[0001:SV]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2435.1999.00305.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1974.227.5.1008"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345890680120901"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12068"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0940-9602(04)80132-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2009.0139"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.160"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.3741"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.2008.00459.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1644\/07-MAMM-A-101R.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02724634.2015.1014905"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.10761"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10914-015-9306-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2907.1983.tb00270.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000284931"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.10198"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.589","article-title":"X-ray reconstruction of moving morphology (XROMM): precision, accuracy and applications in comparative biomechanics research","volume":"313","author":"Brainerd EL","year":"2010","unstructured":"Brainerd EL, Baier DB, Gatesy SM, Hedrick TL, Metzger KA, Gilbert SL, Crisco JJ. 2010 X-ray reconstruction of moving morphology (XROMM): precision, accuracy and applications in comparative biomechanics research. J. Exp. Zool. A: Ecol. Genet. Physiol. 313A, 262-279.","journal-title":"J. Exp. Zool. A: Ecol. Genet. Physiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_73_2","unstructured":"Cox PG Watson PJ. 2023 Masticatory biomechanics of red and grey squirrels ( Sciurus vulgaris and S. carolinensis ) modelled with multibody dynamics analysis. Figshare. (doi:10.6084\/m9.figshare.c.6414018)"}],"container-title":["Royal Society Open Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rsos.220587","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1098\/rsos.220587","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rsos.220587","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,6]],"date-time":"2023-12-06T22:37:13Z","timestamp":1701902233000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/10.1098\/rsos.220587"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1098\/rsos.220587"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsos.220587","relation":{},"ISSN":["2054-5703"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2054-5703","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-05-03","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-01-26","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-02-15","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"220587"}}