{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T01:36:58Z","timestamp":1769218618921,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/journals\/ethics-policies\/data-sharing-mining\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["royalsocietypublishing.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["R. Soc. open sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            A long-time exposure to lack of oxygen (hypoxia) in some regions of the cerebrovascular system is believed to be one of the causes of cerebral neurological diseases. In the present study, we show how a combination of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) can provide a non-invasive alternative for studying blood flow and transport of oxygen within the cerebral vasculature. We perform computer simulations of oxygen mass transfer in the subject-specific geometry of the circle of Willis. The computational domain and boundary conditions are based on four-dimensional (4D)-flow MRI measurements. Two different oxygen mass transfer models are considered: passive (where oxygen is treated as a dilute chemical species in plasma) and active (where oxygen is bonded to haemoglobin) models. We show that neglecting haemoglobin transport results in a significant underestimation of the arterial wall mass transfer of oxygen. We identified the hypoxic regions along the arterial walls by introducing the critical thresholds that are obtained by comparison of the estimated range of Damk\u00f6hler number (\n            <jats:italic>Da<\/jats:italic>\n            \u2282 \u23299; 57\u232a) with the local Sherwood number. Finally, we recommend additional validations of the combined MRI\/CFD approach proposed here for larger groups of subject- or patient-specific brain vasculature systems.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.220645","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,4]],"date-time":"2023-01-04T00:05:56Z","timestamp":1672790756000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["On the identification of hypoxic regions in subject-specific cerebral vasculature by combined CFD\/MRI"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7930-2842","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Romana","family":"Perinajov\u00e1","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands"},{"name":"J.M. Burgerscentrum Research School for Fluid Mechanics, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pim","family":"van Ooij","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7568-5513","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sa\u0161a","family":"Kenjere\u0161","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands"},{"name":"J.M. Burgerscentrum Research School for Fluid Mechanics, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/BST20120345"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5030-06.2007"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2007.09.102"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MOL.0b013e32836484a4"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2018.00124"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_7_2","series-title":"Colloquium Series on Integrated Systems Physiology: From Molecule to Function","volume-title":"Regulation of tissue oxygenation","author":"Pittman R","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pittman R. 2016 Regulation of tissue oxygenation, 2nd edn. Colloquium Series on Integrated Systems Physiology: From Molecule to Function. San Rafael, CA: Biota Publishing.","edition":"2"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2005.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2798295"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.22519"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10665-009-9266-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_12_2","unstructured":"Meier S Hennemuth A Friman O Bock J Markl M Preusser T. 2010 Non-invasive 4D blood flow and pressure quantification in central blood vessels via PC-MRI. In Computing in cardiology 2010 pp. 903\u2013906. Belfast UK: IEEE."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A3484"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12938-015-0104-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12572-016-0161-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.1389"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-009-0634-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.1706"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4026108"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12938-021-00921-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1114\/1.1468890"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2013.0941"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10494-015-9669-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cnm.2588"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2007.04.021"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2007.1338"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10255842.2012.702764"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-015-1501-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10237-015-0708-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4913754"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/55\/14\/004"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.10.031"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40846-016-0202-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr\/89466318"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_35_2","first-page":"1114","article-title":"A modeling study of blood flow and oxygen transport in the circle of Willis","volume":"3","author":"Ji C","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ji C, He Y, Liang F. 2010 A modeling study of blood flow and oxygen transport in the circle of Willis. Lixue Xuebao\/Chin. J. Theor. Appl. Mech. 3, 1114-1118. (doi:10.1109\/BMEI.2010.5639614)","journal-title":"Lixue Xuebao\/Chin. J. Theor. Appl. Mech."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/02713680903230079"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-009-9878-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.15043"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_39_2","series-title":"Chemical Engineering Series","volume-title":"Basic transport phenomena in biomedical engineering","author":"Fournier R","year":"1998","unstructured":"Fournier R. 1998 Basic transport phenomena in biomedical engineering. Chemical Engineering Series. Boca Raton, FL: Taylor & Francis."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_40_2","article-title":"Proceedings of the physiological society: the possible effects of the aggregation of the molecules of haemoglobin on its dissociation curves","volume":"40","author":"Hill A","year":"1910","unstructured":"Hill A. 1910 Proceedings of the physiological society: the possible effects of the aggregation of the molecules of haemoglobin on its dissociation curves. J. Physiol. 40, i-vii. (doi:10.1113\/jphysiol.1910.sp191040suppltoc)","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/20734735.001415"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_42_2","unstructured":"Vascular modelling toolkit. See www.vmtk.org\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheatfluidflow.2012.03.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.12.3.207"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4935288"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_46_2","first-page":"99","article-title":"Rheological equations from molecular network theories","volume":"16","author":"Carreau P","year":"1972","unstructured":"Carreau P. 1972 Rheological equations from molecular network theories. J. Rheol. 16, 99-127. (doi:10.1122\/1.549276)","journal-title":"J. Rheol."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.168.3934.977"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A4263"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.1982.243.6.H948"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dib.2018.04.116"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1955.sp005276"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_52_2","volume-title":"The mechanics of the circulation","author":"Caro CG","year":"1978","unstructured":"Caro CG, Pedley TJ, Schroter RC, Seed WA. 1978 The mechanics of the circulation. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0163316"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2021.104385"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1114\/1.251"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2003.040147"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-90908-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.1570"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15302\/J-ENG-2015103"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0007507"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_61_2","article-title":"Data from: On the identification of hypoxic regions in subject-specific cerebral vasculature by combined CFD\/MRI","author":"Perinajov\u00e1 R","year":"2023","unstructured":"Perinajov\u00e1 R, van Ooij P, Kenjere\u0161 S. 2023 Data from: On the identification of hypoxic regions in subject-specific cerebral vasculature by combined CFD\/MRI. Dryad Digital Repository. (doi:10.5061\/dryad.4qrfj6qcx)","journal-title":"Dryad Digital Repository"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perinajov\u00e1 R van Ooij P Kenjere\u0161 S. 2023 On the identification of hypoxic regions in subject-specific cerebral vasculature by combined CFD\/MRI. Figshare . (doi:10.6084\/m9.figshare.c.6350207)","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.220645"}],"container-title":["Royal Society Open Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rsos.220645","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1098\/rsos.220645","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rsos.220645","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,31]],"date-time":"2023-03-31T14:22:56Z","timestamp":1680272576000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/10.1098\/rsos.220645"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1098\/rsos.220645"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsos.220645","relation":{},"ISSN":["2054-5703"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2054-5703","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-06-30","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-11-30","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-01-04","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"220645"}}