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Soc. open sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            It has long been discussed whether non-avian dinosaurs were physiologically closer to ectotherms or endotherms, with the internal nasal structure called the respiratory turbinate present in extant endotherms having been regarded as an important clue for this conundrum. However, the physiological function and relevance of this structure for dinosaur physiology are still controversial. Here, we found that the size of the nasal cavity relative to the head size of extant endotherms is larger than those of extant ectotherms, with that of the dromaeosaurid\n            <jats:italic>Velociraptor<\/jats:italic>\n            being below the extant endotherms level. The result suggests that a large nasal cavity accommodating a well-developed respiratory turbinate is primarily important as a thermoregulation apparatus for large brains characteristic of endothermic birds and mammals, and the nasal cavity of\n            <jats:italic>Velociraptor<\/jats:italic>\n            was apparently not large enough to carry out this role required for an endothermic-sized brain. In addition, a hypothesis that the enlargement of the nasal cavity for brain cooling has been associated with the skull modification in the theropod lineage toward modern birds is proposed herein. In particular, the reduction of the maxilla in derived avialans may have coincided with acquisition of the avian-like cephalic thermoregulation system.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.220997","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,12]],"date-time":"2023-04-12T07:05:36Z","timestamp":1681283136000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Evolutionary process toward avian-like cephalic thermoregulation system in Theropoda elucidated based on nasal structures"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1656-5009","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Seishiro","family":"Tada","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geology and Paleontology, National Museum of Nature and Science, 4-1-1 Amakubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0005, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6100-3641","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takanobu","family":"Tsuihiji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geology and Paleontology, National Museum of Nature and Science, 4-1-1 Amakubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0005, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0334-7259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryoko","family":"Matsumoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Kanagawa Prefectural Museum of Natural History, 499 Iryuda, Odawara, Kanagawa 250-0031, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5147-7840","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomoya","family":"Hanai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasuko","family":"Iwami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yamashina Institute for Ornithology, 115 Konoyama, Abiko, Chiba 270-1145, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naoki","family":"Tomita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yamashina Institute for Ornithology, 115 Konoyama, Abiko, Chiba 270-1145, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9316-7162","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hideaki","family":"Sato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan"},{"name":"The University Museum, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5604-4318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khishigjav","family":"Tsogtbaatar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Paleontology and Geology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, 15160 Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118274071"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/9780511801822"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12280"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/ZO09039"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"The origin of birds and the evolution of flight","author":"Gauthier JA","year":"1986","unstructured":"Gauthier JA. 1986 Saurischian monophyly and the origin of birds. 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