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Soc. open sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Animal welfare assessment relies on valid and practical indicators of affect. In mice, the most widely used research vertebrates, lying still with eyes open, inactive-but-awake (IBA) in the home cage, has potential to be one such indicator. IBA is elevated in barren, conventional housing compared with well-resourced, enriched housing, and predicts immobility in Forced Swim Tests, a common measure of \u2018helplessness\u2019 in depression research. In Experiment 1, using females from three strains (C57BL\/6, Balb\/c and DBA\/2), we first replicated past findings, confirming higher levels of IBA in conventional cages and a positive relationship between IBA and helplessness. We then extended this research to three other signs of depression: changes in weight and sleep, and reduced hippocampal volume. Here, IBA positively covaried with body mass index, with sleep in DBA\/2s and conventionally housed BALB\/cs, and negatively covaried with hippocampal volume in conventionally housed C57BL\/6s. In Experiment 2, we sought to refine the phenotype of IBA to improve its accuracy as a welfare indicator. Here, scoring IBA performed in hunched postures appeared to improve its accuracy as an indicator in Balb\/c mice. Additional research is now needed to further refine the phenotype of IBA and to confirm whether it reflects states consistent with depression, or instead other underlying poor welfare conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.221083","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,2]],"date-time":"2022-11-02T04:05:40Z","timestamp":1667361940000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Waking inactivity as a welfare indicator in laboratory mice: investigating postures, facial expressions and depression-like states"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5419-6983","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Aileen","family":"MacLellan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Basma","family":"Nazal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Formerly Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8045-4579","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Georgia","family":"Mason","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/zoo.20256"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-45810-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S096272860001438X"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_5_2","first-page":"171","article-title":"Environmental enrichment reduces the likelihood of alopecia in adult C57BL\/6J mice","volume":"50","author":"Bechard A","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bechard A, Meagher R, Mason G. 2011 Environmental enrichment reduces the likelihood of alopecia in adult C57BL\/6J mice. 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