{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T16:22:33Z","timestamp":1792081353266,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]],"date-time":"2023-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677628800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/journals\/ethics-policies\/data-sharing-mining\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["royalsocietypublishing.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["R. Soc. open sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Organic\u2013inorganic perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have achieved the power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of more than 25%. However, the organic compound in the material is causing structural degradation of the PSC owing to heat (thermal instability), humidity and moisture. This has led to the exploration of only inorganic perovskite materials. Inorganic PSCs such as caesium have seen a breakthrough by achieving highly stable PSC with PCE exceeding 15%. In this work, the inorganic non-toxic PSC\u00a0of caesium germanium tri-iodide (CsGeI\n            <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n            ) is numerically modelled in SCAPS-1D with two carbon-based electron transport layers (ETLs) and two copper-based hole transport layers (HTLs). This study introduces in-depth numerical modelling and analysis of CsGeI\n            <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n            through continuity and Poisson equations. Cu HTLs are selected to increase the electric conductivity of the cell, while carbon-based ETL is used to\u00a0increase the thermal conductivity of the PSC. A total of four\u00a0unique PSC structures are designed and presented. A systematic approach is adopted to obtain the optimized PSC design parameters for maximum performance. From the optimized results, it is observed that the C\n            <jats:sub>60<\/jats:sub>\n            \/CsGeI\n            <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n            \/CuSCN structure is the highest performance PSC, with open-circuit voltage (\n            <jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic>\n            <jats:sub>oc<\/jats:sub>\n            ) of 1.0169 V, short-circuit current density (\n            <jats:italic>J<\/jats:italic>\n            <jats:sub>sc<\/jats:sub>\n            ) of 19.653 mA cm\n            <jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>\n            , fill factor of 88.13% and the PCE of 17.61%. Moreover, the effect of quantum efficiency, electric field, interface recombination, interface defects, layer thickness, defect density, doping concentration, working temperature and reflection coating on the cell performance are studied in detail.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.221127","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,15]],"date-time":"2023-03-15T00:06:26Z","timestamp":1678838786000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":73,"title":["Performance analysis and optimization of inverted inorganic CsGeI\n            <sub>3<\/sub>\n            perovskite cells with carbon\/copper charge transport materials using SCAPS-1D"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Waqar","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S.-Pakistan Centre for Advanced Studies in Energy, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8718-6386","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Noman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S.-Pakistan Centre for Advanced Studies in Energy, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shayan","family":"Tariq Jan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S.-Pakistan Centre for Advanced Studies in Energy, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan"},{"name":"Department of Energy Engineering Technology, University of Technology, Nowshera 24100, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adnan Daud","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S.-Pakistan Centre for Advanced Studies in Energy, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gch2.201900050"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_3_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"A review of perovskites solar cell stability","volume":"29","author":"Wang R","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang R, Mujahid M, Duan Y, Wang ZK, Xue J, Yang Y. 2019 A review of perovskites solar cell stability. 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