{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T23:45:22Z","timestamp":1792107922523,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675209600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/journals\/ethics-policies\/data-sharing-mining\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["215618\/Z\/19\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["215618\/Z\/19\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["royalsocietypublishing.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["R. Soc. open sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Ageing changes the musculoskeletal and neural systems, potentially affecting a person\u2019s ability to perform daily living activities. One of these changes is increased passive stiffness of muscles, but its contribution to performance is difficult to separate experimentally from other ageing effects such as loss of muscle strength or cognitive function. A computational upper limb model was used to study the effects of increasing passive muscle stiffness on reaching performance across the model\u2019s workspace (all points reachable with a given model geometry). The simulations indicated that increased muscle stiffness alone caused deterioration of reaching accuracy, starting from the edges of the workspace. Re-tuning the model\u2019s control parameters to match the ageing muscle properties does not fully reverse ageing effects but can improve accuracy in selected regions of the workspace. The results suggest that age-related muscle stiffening, isolated from other ageing effects, impairs reaching performance. The model also exhibited oscillatory instability in a few simulations when the controller was tuned to the presence of passive muscle stiffness. This instability is not observed in humans, implying the presence of natural stabilizing strategies, thus pointing to the adaptive capacity of neural control systems as a potential area of future investigation in age-related muscle stiffening.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.221453","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,8]],"date-time":"2023-02-08T08:20:11Z","timestamp":1675844411000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["The impact of age-related increase in passive muscle stiffness on simulated upper limb reaching"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6641-2150","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tiina","family":"Murtola","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1908-3577","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Christopher","family":"Richards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14034940210134185"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/geriatrics1020014"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afp250"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afq113"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0531-5565(99)00018-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2011.10.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00433.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00670.2007"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2003.11.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1993.74.2.868"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.1995.tb00026.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_13_2","first-page":"677","article-title":"Connective tissue changes and physical properties of developing and ageing skeletal muscle","volume":"139","author":"Alnaqeeb M","year":"1984","unstructured":"Alnaqeeb M, Al Zaid N, Goldspink G. 1984 Connective tissue changes and physical properties of developing and ageing skeletal muscle. J. Anat. 139, 677-689.","journal-title":"J. Anat."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-15-209"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00256.2014"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21113992"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-019-04221-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2007.09.021"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2006.10.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_20_2","unstructured":"Ketcham CJ Stelmach GE. 2004 Movement control in the older adult. In Technology for adaptive aging (eds RW Pew SB Van Hemel) pp. 64\u201392. Washington DC: National Academies Press (US)."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.1531112"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-011-0481-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.01280.2006"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/H09-052"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10255842.2022.2089022"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2011.04.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02584437"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.05-07-01688.1985"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00236911"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.242172"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/mcj.6.1.19"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2008.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.9.2.325"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/57.1.P54"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-016-9908-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_36_2","unstructured":"Fagg AH Barto AG Houk JC. 1998 Learning to reach via corrective movements. In Proc. of the Tenth Yale Workshop on Adaptive and Learning Systems Yale University New Haven CT 10\u201312 June 1998 pp. 179\u2013185. New Haven CT: Yale University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0013601"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2007.04.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2013.02.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/japa.2013-0104"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geronj\/49.3.M133"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-015-4247-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000329347"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-021-06280-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/mcj.8.4.422"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.10.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-012-9436-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0051218"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.2001.91.3.1341"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2009.12.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2006.12.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCST.2005.847331"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_53_2","volume-title":"Delay effects on stability: a robust control approach","author":"Niculescu SI","year":"2001","unstructured":"Niculescu SI. 2001 Delay effects on stability: a robust control approach. London, UK: Springer."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10255842.2017.1293663"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0224232"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2016.03.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100170317"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2021.07.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.13024"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1974.sp010613"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(94)90045-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00989.2014"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2017.02.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.22818"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murtola T Richards C. 2023 The impact of age-related increase in passive muscle stiffness on simulated reaching accuracy. Zenodo. (doi:10.5281\/zenodo.7545405)","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.221453"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murtola T Richards C. 2023 Supplementary material from \"The impact of age-related increase in passive muscle stiffness on simulated reaching accuracy\". Figshare . (doi:10.6084\/m9.figshare.c.6412215)","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.221453"}],"container-title":["Royal Society Open Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rsos.221453","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1098\/rsos.221453","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rsos.221453","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]],"date-time":"2023-03-28T08:59:20Z","timestamp":1679993960000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/10.1098\/rsos.221453"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1098\/rsos.221453"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsos.221453","relation":{},"ISSN":["2054-5703"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2054-5703","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-11-09","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-01-18","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-02-08","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"221453"}}