{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T14:28:23Z","timestamp":1788877703606,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/journals\/ethics-policies\/data-sharing-mining\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000275","name":"Leverhulme Trust","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["ECF-2021-054"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ECF-2021-054"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000275","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["royalsocietypublishing.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["R. Soc. open sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    To understand how an extinct species may have moved, we first need to reconstruct the missing soft tissues of the skeleton, which rarely preserve, with an understanding of segmental volume and muscular composition within the body. The\n                    <jats:italic>Australopithecus afarensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    specimen AL 288-1 is one of the most complete hominin skeletons. Despite 40+ years of research, the frequency and efficiency of bipedal movement in this specimen is still debated. Here, 36 muscles of the pelvis and lower limb were reconstructed using three-dimensional polygonal modelling, guided by imaging scan data and muscle scarring. Reconstructed muscle masses and configurations guided musculoskeletal modelling of the lower limb in comparison with a modern human. Results show that the moment arms of both species were comparable, hinting towards similar limb functionality. Moving forward, the polygonal muscle modelling approach has demonstrated promise for reconstructing the soft tissues of hominins and providing information on muscle configuration and space filling. This method demonstrates that volumetric reconstructions are required to know where space must be occupied by muscles and thus where lines of action might not be feasible due to interference with another muscle. This approach is effective for reconstructing muscle volumes in extinct hominins for which musculature is unknown.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.230356","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,14]],"date-time":"2023-06-14T03:05:37Z","timestamp":1686711937000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Three-dimensional volumetric muscle reconstruction of the\n                    <i>Australopithecus afarensis<\/i>\n                    pelvis and limb, with estimations of limb leverage"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9575-4387","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ashleigh L. A.","family":"Wiseman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jhev.1994.1016"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2020.12.041"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1715120115"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330430107"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.10408"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2008.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2005.0060"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2004.08.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1006223"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.piutam.2011.04.021"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2014.12.034"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-020-02490-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12461"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.1001"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.13412"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.13431"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/pab.2020.46"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-07074-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1666\/04044.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.079665"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.181400"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.13261"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330570403"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/368449a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0047-2484(86)80052-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/297676a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2017.07.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2015.05.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2009.10.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2015.0247"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23550"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_33_2","first-page":"29","volume-title":"Primate functional morphology and evolution","author":"Lovejoy CO","year":"1975","unstructured":"Lovejoy CO. 1975 Biomechanical perspectives on the lower limb of early hominids. In Primate functional morphology and evolution (eds R. H. Tuttle), pp. 29-51. New York, NY: De Gruyter Mouton."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2004.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2006.05.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.10185"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0047-2484(91)90011-J"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_38_2","first-page":"86","article-title":"New data on the humerus and its joints in Plio-Pleistocene hominids","volume":"1","author":"Senut B","year":"1980","unstructured":"Senut B. 1980 New data on the humerus and its joints in Plio-Pleistocene hominids. Coll. Antropol. 1, 86-93.","journal-title":"Coll. Antropol."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1520-6505(2000)9:3<113::AID-EVAN2>3.0.CO;2-W"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330600302"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0703267104"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2007.901024"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/00003677-199900270-00006"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02724634.2017.1361432"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1992.0117"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_46_2","first-page":"19","volume-title":"Functional morphology in vertebrate paleontology","author":"Witmer LM","year":"1995","unstructured":"Witmer LM. 1995 The extant phylogenetic bracket and the importance of reconstructing soft tissues in fossils. In Functional morphology in vertebrate paleontology (eds J. J. Thomason), pp. 19-33. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.24769"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2020.110186"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.210836"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.13635"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/iob\/obac031"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12680"},{"issue":"15","key":"e_1_3_6_53_2","first-page":"2770","article-title":"Long-axis rotation: a missing degree of freedom in avian bipedal locomotion","volume":"217","author":"Kambic RE","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kambic RE, Roberts TJ, Gatesy SM. 2014 Long-axis rotation: a missing degree of freedom in avian bipedal locomotion. J. Exp. Biol. 217(Pt 15), 2770-2782. (doi:10.1242\/jeb.101428)","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_54_2","volume-title":"Whittle's gait analysis","author":"Levine D","year":"2002","unstructured":"Levine D, Richards J, Whittle MW. 2002 Whittle's gait analysis, 5th edn. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier Ltd.","edition":"5"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_55_2","first-page":"158","article-title":"The plantaris muscle: anatomy, injury, imaging, and treatment","volume":"51","author":"Spina AA","year":"2007","unstructured":"Spina AA. 2007 The plantaris muscle: anatomy, injury, imaging, and treatment. J. Can. Chiropractic Assoc. 51, 158-165.","journal-title":"J. Can. Chiropractic Assoc."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_56_2","volume-title":"Photographic and descriptive musculoskeletal atlas of chimpanzees. With notes on the attachments, variations, innervation, function and synonymy and weight of the muscles","author":"Diogo R","year":"2019","unstructured":"Diogo R et al. 2019 Photographic and descriptive musculoskeletal atlas of chimpanzees. With notes on the attachments, variations, innervation, function and synonymy and weight of the muscles. Boca Raton, FL: Taylor & Francis Group, LLC."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-54106-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/iob\/obz022"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4029304"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/10.102791"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(89)90179-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jhps\/hnu014"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aar7723"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_64_2","first-page":"184","article-title":"Density and composition of mammalian muscle","volume":"9","author":"Mendez J","year":"1960","unstructured":"Mendez J, Keys A. 1960 Density and composition of mammalian muscle. Metab. Clin. Exp. 9, 184-188.","journal-title":"Metab. Clin. Exp."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2003.64.351"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jhev.1995.1063"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000156111"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0021-8782.2004.00296.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1505071112"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2022.0483"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0900270106"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1208717110"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2015.05.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2013.06.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.174425"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.23301"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.12574"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.8556"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.13307"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23997"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.13440"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0118903"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wiseman ALA. 2023 Three-dimensional volumetric muscle reconstruction of the Australopithecus afarensis pelvis and limb with estimations of limb leverage. Figshare. (doi:10.6084\/m9.figshare.c.6672258)","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.11.24.517817"}],"container-title":["Royal Society Open Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rsos.230356","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1098\/rsos.230356","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rsos.230356","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,14]],"date-time":"2023-06-14T03:07:46Z","timestamp":1686712066000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/10.1098\/rsos.230356"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1098\/rsos.230356"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsos.230356","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSOS.230356\/v1\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSOS.230356\/v1\/review2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSOS.230356\/v2\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSOS.230356\/v2\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSOS.230356\/v3\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSOS.230356\/v2\/review2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSOS.230356\/v1\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2054-5703"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2054-5703","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-08-30","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-05-24","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-06-14","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"230356"}}