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Soc. Open Sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Osteochondral grafts are used for repair of focal osteochondral lesions. Autologous grafts are the gold standard treatment; however, limited graft availability and donor site morbidity restrict use. Therefore, there is a clinical need for different graft sources\/materials which replicate natural cartilage function. Chitosan has been proposed for this application. The aim of this study was to assess the biomechanics and biotribology of a bioresorbable chitosan\/chitosan-nano-hydroxyapatite osteochondral construct (OCC), implanted in an\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    porcine knee experimental simulation model. The OCC implanted in different surgical positions (flush, proud and inverted) was compared to predicate grafts in current clinical use and a positive control consisting of a stainless steel graft implanted proud of the cartilage surface. After 3 h (10 800 cycles) wear simulation under a walking gait, subsidence occurred in all OCC samples irrespective of surgical positioning, but with no apparent loss of material and low meniscus wear. Half the predicate grafts exhibited delamination and scratching of the cartilage surfaces. No graft subsidence occurred in the positive controls but wear and deformation of the meniscus were apparent. Implanting a new chitosan-based OCC either optimally (flush), inverted or proud of the cartilage surface resulted in minimal wear, damage and deformation of the meniscus.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.230431","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,9]],"date-time":"2024-01-09T19:05:36Z","timestamp":1704827136000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Functional performance of a bi-layered chitosan-nano-hydroxyapatite osteochondral scaffold: a pre-clinical\n                    <i>in vitro<\/i>\n                    tribological study"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3903-5916","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Raelene M.","family":"Cowie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Macri-Pellizzeri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Unit Translational Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5662-1429","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jane","family":"McLaren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Unit Injury, Recovery and Inflammation Sciences (IRIS), School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William J.","family":"Sanderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reda M.","family":"Felfel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Materials Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK"},{"name":"Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1937-6692","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Colin A.","family":"Scotchford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Materials Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brigitte E.","family":"Scammell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Unit Injury, Recovery and Inflammation Sciences (IRIS), School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6786-7720","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"David M.","family":"Grant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Materials Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Virginie","family":"Sottile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Unit Translational Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1446-4511","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Louise M.","family":"Jennings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_8_2_2","first-page":"12","article-title":"Updating on diagnosis and treatment of chondral lesion of the knee","volume":"47","author":"da Cunha Cavalcanti FMM","year":"2012","unstructured":"da Cunha Cavalcanti FMM, Doca D, Cohen M, Ferretti M. 2012 Updating on diagnosis and treatment of chondral lesion of the knee. 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