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Soc. Open Sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Forced copulation is common, presumably because it can increase male reproductive success. Forced extra-pair copulation (FEPC) occurs in birds, even though most species lack a penis and are widely thought to require female cooperation for fertilization. How FEPC persists, despite a presumed lack of siring success and likely non-negligible costs to the male, is unknown. Using the jackdaw (\n                    <jats:italic>Corvus monedula<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) as a case study, we use SNPs to quantify the extra-pair paternity rate through FEPC and evaluate explanations for the persistence of FEPC in species without a penis. We then collate evidence for FEPC across penis-lacking birds. Combining genetic and behavioural analyses, our study suggests that the most likely explanations for the maintenance of FEPC in jackdaws are that it provides a selective advantage to males or it is a relic. Our literature review shows that across birds lacking a penis, FEPC is taxonomically widespread, and yet, little is known about its evolution. A broader implementation of the approach used here, combining both genetic and behavioural data, may shed light on why this widespread sexual behaviour persists. Additional work is necessary to understand whether a penis is needed for paternity through forced copulation and to quantify the costs of FEPC.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.231226","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,27]],"date-time":"2024-03-27T04:05:27Z","timestamp":1711512327000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Ultimate drivers of forced extra-pair copulations in birds lacking a penis: jackdaws as a case-study"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1042-1688","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rebecca","family":"Hooper","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Research in Animal Behaviour, University of Exeter , Exeter, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathryn","family":"Maher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NERC Environmental Omics 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