{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T14:52:24Z","timestamp":1784127144514,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]],"date-time":"2024-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704067200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]],"date-time":"2024-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704067200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Tomography for Scientific Advancement","award":["Jim Elliot Award"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Jim Elliot Award"]}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation","award":["IOS-1941713"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IOS-1941713"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008778","name":"Florida Atlantic University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["National Save the Sea Turtle Foundation Scholarshi"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["National Save the Sea Turtle Foundation Scholarshi"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008778","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008778","name":"Florida Atlantic University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["Newell Doctoral Fellowship"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Newell Doctoral Fellowship"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008778","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008778","name":"Florida Atlantic University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["Vincent Saurino Fellowship"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Vincent Saurino Fellowship"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008778","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["royalsocietypublishing.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["R. Soc. open sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Thresher sharks (\n                    <jats:italic>Alopias<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp.) are characterized by an elongated, scythe-like caudal fin that is used in tail-whipping, a behaviour where the tail is thrown overhead to stun prey. Tail-whipping is performed via extreme dorsoventral bending of the vertebral column, and is dramatically different from lateral oscillatory motion used for swimming. Previous work has examined thresher shark vertebral morphology and mechanical properties, but in the context of swimming loads. Our goal was to assess centra morphometrics and microarchitecture for variations that may support extreme dorsoventral bending. We examined anterior and posterior body vertebrae from an embryo, five juvenile, and four adult thresher sharks using micro-computed tomography. We used principal component and landmark analyses to examine variables influencing vertebral morphology and mineral arrangement, respectively. We found that morphology and microstructure significantly varied across body regions and ontogeny. We hypothesize that anterior body vertebrae increase stability, while posterior body vertebrae support the caudal fin. Vertebral size and quantity of mineral structures (lamellae and nodes) increased across ontogeny, suggesting vertebrae adapt over development to support a larger body and tail. Based on our results, we hypothesize that thresher shark vertebrae vary in morphometrics and mineralization (amount and arrangement) supporting the mechanical needs for tail-whipping.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.231473","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,3]],"date-time":"2024-01-03T03:05:46Z","timestamp":1704251146000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Vertebral morphology in the tail-whipping common thresher shark,\n                    <i>Alopias vulpinus<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-7875-955X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jamie L.","family":"Knaub","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2504-0362","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michelle","family":"Passerotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Apex Predators Program, Northeast Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Narragansett, RI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2903-6037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa J.","family":"Natanson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Apex Predators Program, Northeast Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Narragansett, RI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8721-2932","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tricia","family":"Meredith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FAU Lab Schools, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3622-7114","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marianne","family":"Porter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_8_2_2","volume-title":"FAO species catalogue. Sharks of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Part 1. Hexanchiformes to Lamniformes","author":"Compagno LJV","year":"1984","unstructured":"Compagno LJV. 1984 FAO species catalogue. Sharks of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Part 1. Hexanchiformes to Lamniformes, vol. 4, Pt 1. Rome, Italy: FAO.","edition":"1"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_2","volume-title":"Sharks of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Volume 2. Bullhead, mackerel, and carpet sharks (Heterodontiformes, Lamniformes, and Orectolobiformes)","author":"Compagno LJ","year":"2001","unstructured":"Compagno LJ. 2001 Sharks of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Volume 2. Bullhead, mackerel, and carpet sharks (Heterodontiformes, Lamniformes, and Orectolobiformes). Rome, Italy: FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_2","volume-title":"Sharks of the world: a complete guide","author":"Ebert DA","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ebert DA, Dando M, Fowler S. 2021 Sharks of the world: a complete guide. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8649.2010.02616.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_6_2","unstructured":"Hanan DA Holts DB Coan AL. 1993 California drift gill net fishery for sharks and swordfish 1981\u201382 through 1990\u201391. Fish Bulletin 175."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_7_2","first-page":"1269","volume-title":"FAO identification guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of the western central Pacific","author":"Compagno LJV","year":"1998","unstructured":"Compagno LJV. 1998 Alopiidae. Thresher sharks. In FAO identification guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of the western central Pacific), pp. 1269-1273. Rome, Italy: FAO."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1002\/9781444302516.ch4","volume-title":"Sharks of the open ocean: biology, fisheries and conservation","author":"Smith SE","year":"2008","unstructured":"Smith SE, Rasmussen RC, Ramon DA, Cailliet GM. 2008 The biology and ecology of thresher sharks (Alopiidae). In Sharks of the open ocean: biology, fisheries and conservation (eds MD Camhi, EK Pikitch, EA Babcock), pp. 60-68. Oxford, UK: Blackwell."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0067380"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.58.1489.31.b"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_11_2","unstructured":"Breder CM. 1929 Certain effects in the habits of schooling fishes as based on the observation of Jenkinsia. American Museum novitates; no. 382."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_12_2","first-page":"221","article-title":"Observation on the bigeye thresher shark, Alopias superciliosus, in the western north Atlantic","volume":"74","author":"Stillwell CE","year":"1976","unstructured":"Stillwell CE. 1976 Observation on the bigeye thresher shark, Alopias superciliosus, in the western north Atlantic. Fish Bull. 74, 221-225.","journal-title":"Fish Bull."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/meps265255"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_14_2","first-page":"591","article-title":"On the biology of the thresher shark [Alopias vulpinus (Bonnaterre)] in the northwest Indian Ocean","volume":"12","author":"Gubanov YP","year":"1972","unstructured":"Gubanov YP. 1972 On the biology of the thresher shark [Alopias vulpinus (Bonnaterre)] in the northwest Indian Ocean. J. Ichthyol. 12, 591-596.","journal-title":"J. Ichthyol."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jembe.2012.04.021"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsb.2022.107831"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.zool.2013.10.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.135251"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02041246"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.02325"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.006189"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1921.0008"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.zool.2006.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_24_2","first-page":"141","volume-title":"Fish biomechanics","author":"Summers AP","year":"2006","unstructured":"Summers AP, Long Jr JH. 2006 Skin and bones, sinew and gristle: the mechanical behavior of fish skeletal tissues. In Fish biomechanics (eds RE Shadwick, GV Lauder), pp. 141-177. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.10803"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.188318"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/MF17279"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2020.0474"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_29_2","first-page":"877","article-title":"Vertebral morphology, dentition, age, growth, and ecology of the large lamniform shark Cardabiodon ricki","volume":"60","author":"Newbrey MG","year":"2013","unstructured":"Newbrey MG, Siversson M, Cook TD, Fotheringham AM, Sanchez RL. 2013 Vertebral morphology, dentition, age, growth, and ecology of the large lamniform shark Cardabiodon ricki. Acta Palaeontol. Polon. 60, 877-897. (doi:10.4202\/app.2012.0047)","journal-title":"Acta Palaeontol. Polon."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/iob\/obz002"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_31_2","article-title":"Morphometric conversions for 33 shark species from the western North Atlantic Ocean","volume":"84","author":"Natanson LJ","unstructured":"Natanson LJ et al. In press. Morphometric conversions for 33 shark species from the western North Atlantic Ocean. Mar. Fish Rev. 84. (doi:10.7755\/MFR.84.3-4.1)","journal-title":"Mar. Fish Rev."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00028487.2013.815658"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2089"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_34_2","volume-title":"Tpsdig: digitize coordinates of landmarks and capture outlines. v. 2.10","author":"Rohlf FJ","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rohlf FJ. 2006 Tpsdig: digitize coordinates of landmarks and capture outlines. v. 2.10. Stony Brook, NY: Department of Ecology & Evolution, State University of New York."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.13669"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_36_2","volume-title":"RStudio: integrated development environment for R","author":"RStudio Team","year":"2020","unstructured":"RStudio Team. 2020 RStudio: integrated development environment for R. Boston, MA: RStudio. See http:\/\/www.rstudio.com\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-0998.2010.02924.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2411306"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_39_2","volume-title":"Statistical shape analysis","author":"Dryden IL","year":"1998","unstructured":"Dryden IL, Mardia KV. 1998 Statistical shape analysis. Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.ctdb.2015.09.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9780691218090"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/26649"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.10732"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.97.1.23"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1119\/1.1634964"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1052260102"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1447344"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fevo.2021.660767"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18563\/m3.1.4.e2"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_50_2","unstructured":"Knaub JL Passerotti M Natanson LJ Meredith T Porter M. 2023 Data from: Vertebral morphology in the tail-whipping common thresher shark Alopias vulpinus. Dryad Digital Repository. (doi:10.5061\/dryad.ksn02v79v)"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_51_2","unstructured":"Knaub JL Passerotti M Natanson LJ Meredith T Porter M. 2023 Vertebral morphology in the tail-whipping common thresher shark Alopias vulpinus. Figshare. (doi:10.6084\/m9.figshare.c.6984305)"}],"container-title":["Royal Society Open Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rsos.231473","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1098\/rsos.231473","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rsos.231473","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,3]],"date-time":"2024-01-03T03:07:18Z","timestamp":1704251238000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/10.1098\/rsos.231473"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1098\/rsos.231473"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsos.231473","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSOS.231473\/v2\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSOS.231473\/v1\/review2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSOS.231473\/v1\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSOS.231473\/v2\/response1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSOS.231473\/v1\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2054-5703"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2054-5703","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-09-28","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-12-04","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-01-03","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"231473"}}