{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T12:26:11Z","timestamp":1788611171680,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]],"date-time":"2024-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727740800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]],"date-time":"2024-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727740800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Turkish Ministry of Education"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010665","name":"H2020 Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie Actions","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["royalsocietypublishing.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["R. Soc. Open Sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    \u03b2-Defensins are peptides with antimicrobial roles, characterized by a conserved tertiary structure. Beyond antimicrobial functions, they exhibit diverse roles in both the immune response and fertility, including involvement in sperm maturation and function. Copy number variation (CNV) of \u03b2-defensin genes is extensive across mammals, including cattle, with possible implications for reproductive traits and disease resistance. In this study, we comprehensively catalogue 55 \u03b2-defensin genes in cattle. By constructing a phylogenetic tree to identify human orthologues and lineage-specific expansions, we identify 1 : 1 human orthologues for 35 bovine \u03b2-defensins. We also discover extensive \u03b2-defensin gene CNV across breeds, with\n                    <jats:italic>DEFB103,<\/jats:italic>\n                    in particular, showing extensive multi-allelic CNV. By comparing \u03b2-defensin expression levels in testis from calves and adult bulls, we find that 14 \u03b2-defensins, including\n                    <jats:italic>DEFB103<\/jats:italic>\n                    , increase in expression during sexual maturation. Analysis of \u03b2-defensin gene expression levels in the caput of adult bull epididymis, and \u03b2-defensin gene copy number, in 94 matched samples shows expression levels of four \u03b2-defensins are correlated with genomic copy numbers, including\n                    <jats:italic>DEFB103<\/jats:italic>\n                    . We therefore demonstrate extensive CNV in bovine \u03b2-defensin genes, in particular\n                    <jats:italic>DEFB103<\/jats:italic>\n                    , with potential functional consequences for fertility.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.241154","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,29]],"date-time":"2024-10-29T20:05:44Z","timestamp":1730232344000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["\u03b2-Defensin gene copy number variation in cattle"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Ozge","family":"Sidekli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Oketch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sean","family":"Fair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Bernal Institute, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kieran G.","family":"Meade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0115-2298","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Edward J.","family":"Hollox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_8_2_2","first-page":"27","volume-title":"Evolutionary biology: self\/nonself evolution, species and complex traits evolution, methods and concepts","author":"Hollox EJ","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hollox EJ, Abujaber R. 2017 Evolution and diversity of defensins in vertebrates. In Evolutionary biology: self\/nonself evolution, species and complex traits evolution, methods and concepts (ed. P Pontarotti), pp. 27\u201350. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. (doi:10.1007\/978-3-319-61569-1_2)"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01176"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00251-007-0269-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0903984"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1533186100"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0900712"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1439-0531.2003.00436.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.169.5.2516"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/1008-682X.159712"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1003826"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_12_2","first-page":"92","article-title":"Beta-defensin126 is correlated with sperm motility in fertile and infertile mendagger","volume":"102","author":"Aram R","year":"2020","unstructured":"Aram R, Chan PTK, Cyr DG. 2020 Beta-defensin126 is correlated with sperm motility in fertile and infertile mendagger. Biol. Reprod. 102, 92\u2013101. (doi:10.1093\/biolre\/ioz171)","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.107.064071"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrurol.2012.109"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3002289"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/RD17415"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.116.138792"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/gau050"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biolre\/ioac197"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/378157"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03420-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gbe\/evu236"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000334566"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0068683"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1616948113"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.133967.111"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41431-017-0061-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2012.191"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-020-07031-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731114000743"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731118000964"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physiolgenomics.00104.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gigascience\/giaa021"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-animal-020518-115024"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2019.01068"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-44935-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/30.1.38"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkt1114"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkaa1100"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.229102"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkac240"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msu300"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IPDPS.2019.00041"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btv566"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.116.138719"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13578-022-00924-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2022.100825"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00251-011-0551-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0245933","article-title":"Study on the region-specific expression of epididymis mRNA in the rams","volume":"16","author":"Wu C","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wu C, Wang C, Zhai B, Zhao Y, Zhao Z, Yuan Z, Fu X, Zhang M. 2021 Study on the region-specific expression of epididymis mRNA in the rams. PLoS One 16, e0245933. (doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0245933)","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.106.057323"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmcb\/mjy048"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2018-16141"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep01232"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00232-005-0806-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00335-004-2387-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-017-3666-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/128.2.297S"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physiolgenomics.00085.2013"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2014.08.055"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crvi.2003.12.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-08-0164"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.102.008953"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_63_2","first-page":"1122","article-title":"Expression profiles and bioinformatics analysis of beta-defensin family genes in the testes and epididymal caput of bucks","volume":"46","author":"Zhang C","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhang C, Du H, Zhan C, Zheng Y, Rean Y, Jiang Y. 2015 Expression profiles and bioinformatics analysis of beta-defensin family genes in the testes and epididymal caput of bucks. Acta Vet. Et Zoot. Sin. 46, 1122\u20131133. (doi:10.11843\/j.issn.0366-6964.2015.07.007)","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Et Zoot. Sin."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21155377"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200905-0767OC"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-015-2258-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0010993"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.2008.56"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200940041"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201141648"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2016.12.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2013.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sidekli O Oketch JW Fair S Meade KG. 2024 Data from: \u03b2-defensin gene copy number variation in cattle. Figshare. (doi:10.6084\/m9.figshare.c.7509995)","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.06.24.600336"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_74_2","unstructured":"Hollox E. 2024 Sidekli et al: repeated ddPCR and WGS copy number analysis of beta-defensins on the same cattle samples. University of Leicester. Dataset. (doi:10.25392\/leicester.data.25992484.v1)"}],"container-title":["Royal Society Open Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rsos.241154","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1098\/rsos.241154","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rsos.241154","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,29]],"date-time":"2024-10-29T20:06:11Z","timestamp":1730232371000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/10.1098\/rsos.241154"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1098\/rsos.241154"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsos.241154","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSOS.241154\/v2\/response1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSOS.241154\/v1\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSOS.241154\/v1\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSOS.241154\/v2\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"}],"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2024.06.24.600336","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2054-5703"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2054-5703","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-07-09","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-09-25","order":1,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-09-27","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-10-30","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"241154"}}