{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T03:23:52Z","timestamp":1791429832020,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]],"date-time":"2024-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725148800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]],"date-time":"2024-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725148800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["ASCRIBE"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ASCRIBE"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003495","name":"Hessen State Ministry of Higher Education, Research and the Arts","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["LOEWE-TBG"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LOEWE-TBG"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003495","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["royalsocietypublishing.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["R. Soc. Open Sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Snake venom is an ecologically relevant functional trait directly linked with a snake\u2019s fitness and survival, facilitating predation and defence. Snake venom variation occurs at all taxonomic levels, but the study at the intraspecific level is still in its early stages. The common adder (\n                    <jats:italic>Vipera berus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) exhibits considerable variation in colour phenotypes across its distribution range. Melanistic (fully black) individuals are the subject of myths and fairytales, and in German folklore such \u2018hell adders\u2019 are considered more toxic than their normally coloured conspecifics despite any formal investigation. Here, we provide the first comparative analysis of venoms from melanistic and normally coloured common adders. Specifically, we compared the venom profiles by sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and tested the venoms\u2019 protease, phospholipase A\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    and cytotoxic activities. Phospholipase A\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    activity was similar in both phenotypes, whereas general protease activity was higher in the melanistic venom, which was also more cytotoxic at two concentrations (6.25 and 12.5 \u00b5g ml\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ). These minor differences between the venoms of melanistic and normally coloured adders are unlikely to be of clinical relevance in the context of human envenomation. In light of our results, the claim that melanistic adders produce more toxic venom than their normally coloured conspecifics appears rooted entirely in folklore.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.241268","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,10]],"date-time":"2024-09-10T19:06:04Z","timestamp":1725995164000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Comparative venom analysis between melanistic and normally coloured phenotypes of the common adder (\n                    <i>Vipera berus<\/i>\n                    )"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5260-9797","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lennart","family":"Schulte","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Faculty 09 Agricultural Sciences, Nutritional Sciences and Environmental Management , Giessen, Hessen, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Biodiversity Research, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME Branch for Bioresources , Gie\u00dfen, Hessen, Germany"},{"name":"LOEWE Center for Translational Biodiversity Genomics , Frankfurt, Hessen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lilien","family":"Uhrig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biodiversity Research, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME Branch for Bioresources , Gie\u00dfen, Hessen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johanna","family":"Eichberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biodiversity Research, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME Branch for Bioresources , Gie\u00dfen, Hessen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Schwartze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Landscape Ecology, University of M\u00fcnster , Munster, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingve","family":"Auth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Landscape Ecology, University of M\u00fcnster , Munster, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miriam","family":"Schulz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Landscape Ecology, University of M\u00fcnster , Munster, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Lindner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Zoology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Regensburg , Regensburg, Bayern, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Hien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Venture for Interconnection, Protection, Education and Research in Adders (VIPERA) e.V. , Velburg, Bavaria, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kornelia","family":"Hardes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biodiversity Research, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME Branch for Bioresources , Gie\u00dfen, Hessen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Vilcinskas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Faculty 09 Agricultural Sciences, Nutritional Sciences and Environmental Management , Giessen, Hessen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"L\u00fcddecke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biodiversity Research, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME Branch for Bioresources , Gie\u00dfen, Hessen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2012.10.020"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.genom.9.081307.164356"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins11110666"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2009.0048"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/379537a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2015579118"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb9303"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins13060427"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2020.05.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2005.11.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_12_2","first-page":"53","article-title":"Correlation 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