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Soc. Open Sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Lower urinary tract symptoms affect a significant proportion of the population.\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">In silico<\/jats:italic>\n                    medicine can help understand these conditions and develop treatments. However, many of the current lower urinary tract computational models are closed source, too deterministic and do not allow for simple use of modelling neural intervention. An open-source Python-based model was developed to simulate bladder, sphincter and kidney dynamics using normalized neural signals to predict pressure and volume. The model was verified against animal bladder data from adult male Wistar rats, assessed for noise sensitivity and evaluated against known physiological factors. The animal data comparison yielded a significantly more similar pattern than existing models, with a correlation coefficient of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">r<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.93 (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 0.001). All physiological factors were within bounds, and the model remained stable with noise under the described boundaries. The proposed model advances the field of computational medicine by providing an open-source model for researchers and developers. It improves upon existing models by being accessible, including a built-in neural model that better replicates smooth bladder filling results, and incorporating a novel kidney function that alters bladder function by time of day in line with circadian rhythm. Future applications include personalized medicine, treating lower urinary tract symptoms with\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in silico<\/jats:italic>\n                    models and adaptive neural interventions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.242062","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T23:06:01Z","timestamp":1759878361000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["An open-source neurodynamic model of the lower urinary tract"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-6008-0287","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Elliot","family":"Lister","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Informatics, The University of Edinburgh","place":["Edinburgh, UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-0604-5768","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Aidan","family":"McConnell-Trevillion","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Informatics, The University of Edinburgh","place":["Edinburgh, UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7127-9115","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Milad","family":"Jabbari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Informatics, The University of Edinburgh","place":["Edinburgh, UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0128-4474","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Abbas","family":"Erfanian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Iran University of Science and Technology","place":["Tehran, Iran"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4217-0254","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kianoush","family":"Nazarpour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Informatics, The University of Edinburgh","place":["Edinburgh, UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2006.09.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5213\/inj.2142112.056"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2010.09993.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_5_2","unstructured":"Royal United Hospitals Bath NHS Foundation Trust. 2023 Overactive bladder syndrome (OAB). 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