{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T01:52:48Z","timestamp":1792115568573,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]],"date-time":"2025-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764288000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]],"date-time":"2025-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764288000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764115200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764115200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["royalsocietypublishing.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This work focuses on the nature of visibility in societies where the behaviours of humans and algorithms influence each other\u2014termed algorithmically infused societies. We propose a quantitative measure of visibility, with implications and applications to an array of disciplines including communication studies, political science, marketing, technology design and social media analytics. The measure captures the basic attributes of the visibility of a given topic in algorithm-mediated communication settings associated, for example, with social media. These attributes are: (i) the amount of time a topic spends at different ranks and (ii) the different ranks the topic attains. In addition, the proposed measure incorporates a tunable parameter, termed the discrimination level, whose value determines the relative weights of the two attributes that contribute to visibility. The proposed measure is applied to the Hot Search List of the Chinese microblog Sina Weibo. Analysis of a large-scale, real-time dataset of topics of this list demonstrates that the proposed measure can explain a large share of the variability of the accumulated views of a topic.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.242232","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T00:06:23Z","timestamp":1764115583000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A dynamical measure of algorithmically infused visibility"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2189-5336","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shaojing","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fudan University 1 , ,","place":["Shanghai, People\u2019s Republic of China"],"department":["School of Journalism"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3251-9504","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhiyuan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fudan University 1 , ,","place":["Shanghai, People\u2019s Republic of China"],"department":["School of Journalism"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9093-2108","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Waxman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fudan University 2 , ,","place":["Shanghai, People\u2019s Republic of China"],"department":["Centre for Quantitative Biology, ISTBI"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121916313547800_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03666-1","article-title":"Measuring algorithmically infused societies","volume":"595","author":"Wagner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2025121916313547800_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abp9364","article-title":"How do social media feed algorithms affect attitudes and behavior in an election campaign?","volume":"381","author":"Guess","year":"2023","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2025121916313547800_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1093\/hcr\/hqac013","article-title":"Algorithms and organizing","volume":"48","author":"Laapotti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hum. Commun. Res."},{"key":"2025121916313547800_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-29256-x","article-title":"Dynamics of ranking","volume":"13","author":"I\u00f1iguez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2025121916313547800_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1177\/0263276405059413","article-title":"The new visibility","volume":"22","author":"Thompson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Theory. Cult. Soc."},{"key":"2025121916313547800_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1093\/jcmc\/zmy019","article-title":"Guilty by visible association: socially mediated visibility in gang prosecutions","volume":"23","author":"Lane","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Comput. Mediat. Commun."},{"key":"2025121916313547800_R7","first-page":"143","article-title":"Social media use in organizations: exploring the affordances of visibility, editability, persistence, and association","volume":"36","author":"Treem","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Int. Commun. Assoc."},{"key":"2025121916313547800_R8","first-page":"98","article-title":"The management of visibilities in the digital age: introduction","volume":"10","author":"Flyverbom","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Commun."},{"key":"2025121916313547800_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1177\/1354856517736982","article-title":"From ranking algorithms to \u2018ranking cultures\u2019: investigating the modulation of visibility in YouTube search results","volume":"24","author":"Rieder","year":"2018","journal-title":"Convergence"},{"key":"2025121916313547800_R10","article-title":"The attention economy and the Net","volume":"2","author":"Goldhaber","year":"1997","journal-title":"First Monday"},{"key":"2025121916313547800_R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444812440159","article-title":"Want to be on the top? Algorithmic power and the threat of invisibility on facebook","volume":"14","author":"Bucher","year":"2012","journal-title":"New Media Soc."},{"key":"2025121916313547800_R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1145\/1852102.1852106","article-title":"A similarity measure for indefinite rankings","volume":"28","author":"Webber","year":"2010","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"2025121916313547800_R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(02)00016-0","article-title":"Attention shifts to salient targets","volume":"42","author":"Nothdurft","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vis. Res."},{"key":"2025121916313547800_R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Siris\n              A\n            , JiaoJ, TamGKL, XieX, LauRWH. 2020Inferring attention shift ranks of objects for image saliency. InProc. IEEE\/CVF Conf. on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Seattle, WA, USA, 13\u201319 June 2020, pp. 12133\u201312143. (doi:10.1109\/CVPR42600.2020.01215)","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR42600.2020.01215"},{"key":"2025121916313547800_R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tourman.2014.08.015","article-title":"The power of search engine ranking for tourist destinations","volume":"47","author":"Pan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Tour. Manag."},{"key":"2025121916313547800_R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1080\/10584609.2020.1765914","article-title":"Capturing clicks: how the Chinese government uses clickbait to compete for visibility","volume":"38","author":"Lu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Polit. Commun."},{"key":"2025121916313547800_R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0286093","article-title":"Competition for popularity and interventions on a Chinese microblogging site","volume":"18","author":"Cui","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025121916313547800_R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1111\/joms.12114","article-title":"Exploring material-discursive practices","volume":"52","author":"Orlikowski","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Manag. Stud."},{"key":"2025121916313547800_R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-31894-5","article-title":"Meaning guides attention during real-world scene description","volume":"8","author":"Henderson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2025121916313547800_R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1177\/1329878X17737407","article-title":"Social media\u2019s breaking news: the logic of automation in Facebook trending topics and Twitter moments","volume":"166","author":"Duguay","year":"2018","journal-title":"Media Int. Aust."},{"key":"2025121916313547800_R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1093\/jcmc\/zmaa013","article-title":"Why we don\u2019t click: interrogating the relationship between viewing and clicking in social media contexts by exploring the \u2018non-click\u2019","volume":"25","author":"Ellison","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Comput. Mediat. Commun."},{"key":"2025121916313547800_R22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1140\/epjds\/s13688-021-00263-0","article-title":"Attention dynamics on the Chinese social media Sina Weibo during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"10","author":"Cui","year":"2021","journal-title":"EPJ Data Sci."},{"key":"2025121916313547800_R23","article-title":"A dynamical measure of algorithmically infused visibility. Dryad Digital Repository.","author":"Shaojing","year":"2025"},{"key":"2025121916313547800_R24","article-title":"Supplementary material from: A dynamical measure of algorithmically infused visibility. FigShare.","author":"Shaojing","year":"2025"}],"container-title":["Royal Society Open Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rsos.242232","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1098\/rsos.242232","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/rsos\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1098\/rsos.242232\/4282776\/rsos.242232.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/rsos\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1098\/rsos.242232\/4282776\/rsos.242232.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T21:31:45Z","timestamp":1766179905000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/rsos\/article\/12\/11\/242232\/356260\/A-dynamical-measure-of-algorithmically-infused"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsos.242232","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSOS.242232\/v2\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSOS.242232\/v2\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSOS.242232\/v1\/review2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSOS.242232\/v1\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSOS.242232\/v2\/review2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSOS.242232\/v2\/response1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSOS.242232\/v1\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2054-5703"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2054-5703","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-01-02","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-06-02","order":1,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-09-26","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-11-26","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"242232"}}